Category: Chemistry

1. Follow the link: choose EXPERIMENT

2. Participate in the demonstration which introduces you to the simulation, read the instructions.

3. Run 3 experiments changing only the current.

– From the menu, choose any metal for an anode, corresponding metal for a cathode, and a solution

– set up a current to 3.00 Amps, set up a timer for 20 minutes, record the mass loss and gain

– set up a current to 6.00 Amps, set up a timer for 20 minutes, record the mass loss and gain

– set up a current to 12.00 Amps, set up a timer for 20 minutes, record the mass loss and gain

4. Take an picture of your final experiment.

5. Prepare the report by answering the following questions:

A) Neatly sketch an electrolytic cell and identify its cathode, anode, the directions which electrons and ions move, the location of the oxidation half-reaction, and the location of the reduction half-reaction.

B) Write the oxidation-reduction half reactions for that electrolytic cell

C) Draw one graph current [Amp] vs mass gain and mass loss. There should be two lines in this graph. Don’t forget to label the axis and lines.

D) Write conclusions based on the graph.

E) Include an image from your last experiment, showing the settings.

The first unit of your Class 12 chemistry book, Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry, explains how chemistry developed historically, its importance in daily life, and the foundational ideas needed for scientific study. Ancient India made major contributions in metallurgy, dyes, medicines, and alchemy, with texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita describing acids, oxides, and medicinal preparations. Acharya Kanda proposed the atomic theory of indivisible particles called Paramanu centuries before Dalton, while Nagarjuna worked on mercury compounds and metal extraction. Over time, chemistry evolved from alchemy into modern science, becoming central to industries, healthcare, agriculture, and environmental solutions.

The unit then introduces the concept of matter, defined as anything with mass and volume, which exists in three statessolid, liquid, and gasthat are interconvertible through temperature and pressure changes. Matter is classified into mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform composition, like sugar solution) or heterogeneous (non-uniform, like salt and sugar). Pure substances have fixed composition and are further divided into elements (one type of atom, e.g., sodium, oxygen) and compounds (atoms of different elements combined in fixed ratios, e.g., water, carbon dioxide).

It also distinguishes between physical properties (colour, odour, melting point, density) and chemical properties (composition, reactivity, combustibility). Measurement of these properties requires standardized units. The International System of Units (SI), established in 1960, defines seven base units: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), and candela (luminous intensity). Prefixes like nano, micro, kilo, and mega are used to express multiples or fractions of these units.

In essence, this unit lays the foundation for understanding chemistry as the science of atoms and molecules, their properties, and their interactions, while also emphasizing its role in human progress and everyday life.

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ALL DIRECTIONS ARE IN UPLOAD PAPER!!

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