Category: English

  • ALYSA.SAETANG-OnlineLearning-01

    • Open and edit an existing document.
    • Change line spacing.
    • Change paragraph spacing.
    • Use Show/Hide.
    • Change font size and apply color, styles, and effects.
    • Cut and paste to move a paragraph.
    • Use drag and drop to move a paragraph.
    • Apply a shadow text effect.
    • Use the Format Painter.
    • Use context menu and Editor to correct spelling and grammar errors.
    • Use Search to research a word.
    • Use the Thesaurus to find a synonym.
    • Use Read Aloud.
    • Add document properties.

    Steps to complete This Project

    Mark the steps as checked when you complete them.

    This image appears when a project instruction has changed to accommodate an update to Microsoft Office 365. If the instruction does not match your version of Office, try using the alternate instruction instead.

    1. Open the OnlineLearning-01.docx start file. If the document opens in Protected View, click the Enable Editing button so you can modify it.
    2. The file will be renamed automatically to include your name. Change the project file name if directed to do so by your instructor, and save it.
    3. Change the line and paragraph spacing for the entire document.
    4. Press Ctrl+A to select the entire document.
    5. Click the Paragraph launcher [Home or Layout tab, Paragraph group] to open the Paragraph dialog box ().
    6. Figure 1-96 Change Line spacing and After paragraph spacing
    7. Click the Line spacing drop-down list and select Multiple.
    8. Type 1.2 in the At text box.
    9. Change the After paragraph spacing to 12 pt.
    10. Click OK to close the Paragraph dialog box.
    11. Delete blank lines in the document.
    12. Turn on Show/Hide [Home tab, Paragraph group].
    13. Delete the extra blank line between each paragraph including the blank line after the title.
    14. Change the font for the entire document.
    15. Select the entire document (Ctrl+A).
    16. Change the font to Cambria [Home tab, Font group].
    17. Change the paragraph spacing, alignment, font size, styles, effects, and color of the title.
    18. Select the title of the document (Online Learning Information).
    19. Click the Layout tab.
    20. Change the Before spacing to 36 pt. and the After spacing to 18 pt. [Paragraph group].
    21. Click the Center button [Home tab, Paragraph group].
    22. Click the Font launcher [Home tab, Font group]. The Font dialog box opens ().
    23. Figure 1-97 Change font style, size, effects, and color
    24. Change the Font style to Bold and change the Font Size to 24.
    25. Click the Small caps check box in the Effects area.
    26. Click the Font color drop-down list and choose the fourth color in the first row of the Theme Colors (Blue-Gray, Text 2).
    27. Click the Advanced tab.
    28. Click the Spacing drop-down list and select Expanded. Change the By to 1.2 pt.
    29. Click OK to close the Font dialog box.
    30. Move paragraphs in the document and insert a heading.
    31. Select the last paragraph in the document, including the paragraph mark at the end of the paragraph (SPCCD is …).
    32. Click the Cut button [Home tab, Clipboard group] or press Ctrl+X.
    33. Place your insertion point before the second line of the document (Definition of Online Learning Modalities).
    34. Click the top half of the Paste button [Home tab, Clipboard group] or press Ctrl+V.
    35. Click at the beginning of the pasted paragraph and type Where Are We Now with Online Learning? and press Enter.
    36. Select the paragraph that begins Synchronous Online Course: . . . including the paragraph mark at the end of the paragraph.
    37. Move this paragraph using the drag-and-drop method (click, hold, drag, and release) so it appears before the paragraph that begins with Hybrid Course: ().
    38. Figure 1-98 Move paragraph using drag and drop
    39. Format section headings in the document and use the Format Painter.
    40. Select the first section heading (Where Are We Now with Online Learning?).
    41. Click the Font launcher [Home tab, Font group] to open the Font dialog box and click the Font tab if necessary ().
    42. Figure 1-99 Format heading using the Font dialog box
    43. Change the font Size to 12 pt.
    44. Change the Font color to the fourth color in the first row of the Theme Colors (Blue-Gray, Text 2).
    45. Change the Underline style to Double underline.
    46. Change the Underline color to the fourth color in the first row of the Theme Colors (Blue-Gray, Text 2).
    47. Click OK to close the Font dialog box.
    48. Confirm the formatted heading is still selected and click the Text Effects and Typography button [Home tab, Font group].
    49. Place your pointer on Shadow and select the first option in the Outer category (Offset: Bottom Right) ().
    50. Figure 1-100 Apply Shadow text effect
    51. Confirm the formatted heading is still selected and click the Format Painter button [Home tab, Clipboard group].
    52. Select the next heading (Definition of Online Learning Modalities) to apply the formatting.
    53. Format paragraph headings in the document.
    54. Select the paragraph heading (Online Course:), including the colon.
    55. Click the Font launcher [Home tab, Font group] to open the Font dialog box.
    56. Change the Font style to Bold.
    57. Change the Font color to the fourth color in the first row of the Theme Colors (Blue-Gray, Text 2).
    58. Click the Small caps check box in the Effects area.
    59. Click OK to close the Font dialog box.
    60. Use the Format Painter to copy formatting to the other paragraph headings.
    61. Select the Online Course: heading if necessary and double click the Format Painter button.
    62. Select the other paragraph headings (Synchronous Online Course:, Hybrid Course:, and Technology-Enhanced Course:) including the colon after each to apply the formatting.
    63. Click the Format Painter button again to turn off the Format Painter.
    64. Select the last sentence in the last paragraph (Note: this. . .), and click the Italic button [Home tab, Font group] or press Ctrl+I.
    65. Correct spelling and grammar in the document using the context menu and the Editor.
    66. Click the first misspelled word (managment) and choose the correct spelling from the list of options in the context menu.
    67. Click the Editor button [Review tab, Proofing group]. The Editor pane opens on the right.
    68. Office 365/2021 Note: The Editor pane and how it checks spelling and grammar may differ slightly between the different versions of office. The Editor button [Review tab, Proofing group] may be named Spelling & Grammar.
    69. Click Editor Score to display the first spelling and grammar issue ().
    70. Figure 1-101 Select the correct word from the Editor pane
    71. Select the synchronous as the correct spelling of the first incorrect word.
    72. Repeat this process for each of the remaining misspelled and grammatically incorrect words.
    73. Click OK to close the dialog box that informs you that you have finished reviewing the Editors suggestions.
    74. Click the X in the upper-right corner of the Editor pane to close the pane.
    75. Use the Search feature to research the meaning of a word.
    76. Office 365/2021 Note: The Search feature has been removed from most versions of Office. If the Search feature is not available on your version of Word, skip this step.
    77. Select the word synchronous in the first paragraph in the Definition of Online Learning Modalities section.
    78. Right-click the select word and select Search synchronous from the context menu. The Search pane opens on the right.
    79. Review the definition and view other entries in the Search pane.
    80. Click the X in the upper-right corner of the Search pane to close the pane.
    81. Use the Thesaurus feature to find a synonym for a word.
    82. Select the word pioneer in the first paragraph in the Where Are We Now with Online Learning? section.
    83. Click the Thesaurus button [Review tab, Proofing group]. The Thesaurus pane opens.
    84. Click the drop-down list to the right of innovator and select Insert () to replace pioneer.
    85. Figure 1-102 Insert a synonym from the Thesaurus pane
    86. Right-click a that precedes innovator in the paragraph and select an from the context menu.
    87. Use the Read Aloud feature.
    88. Place your insertion point at the beginning of the first body paragraph (SPCCD is an innovator …).
    89. Click the Read Aloud button [Review tab, Speech group]. Word begins reading the first paragraph and the Read Aloud controls display at the right.
    90. Click the Pause button in the Read Aloud controls.
    91. Click the Settings button and change the Reading speed and Voice Selection as desired ().
    92. Figure 1-103 Read Aloud controls
    93. Press Esc to close the Settings menu.
    94. Click the Next button to skip to the next paragraph.
    95. Click the Stop button to stop the reading and close the Read Aloud controls.
    96. Add document properties using the Properties dialog box.
    97. Click the File tab to open the Backstage view and click Info.
    98. Type Online Learning Information in the Title text box in the Properties list on the right.
    99. Click the Properties button at the top of the Properties list and choose Advanced Properties. The Properties dialog box opens.
    100. Click the Summary tab if necessary.
    101. Type Online Learning in the Subject text box.
    102. Delete the existing author name in the Author area and type Tanesha Morris as the author.
    103. Click OK to accept changes and close the Properties dialog box.
    104. Click the Back arrow in the upper-left corner of the Backstage view to return to the document.
    105. Save and close the document ().
    106. Figure 1-104 Word 1-2 completed
    107. Upload and save your project file.
    108. Submit project for grading.

    follow these rules to make the paragraph better Online Learning Information

    Definition of Online Learning Modalities

    All online learning modalities offered at SPCCD will be considered in the plan. Currently, these include the following: online, synchronous online, hybrid, and technology-enhanced courses.

    Online Course: A course offered remotely. Typically, content is delivered through a learning management system (LMS), and communication is done through email announcements and discussions. All class meetings, assignments, lectures, and assessments are online (except for orientation meetings or other face-to-face examinations as determined by the professor).

    Hybrid Course: A course where some portion of the meeting time is conducted online, and the remaining percentage is conducted in a traditional classroom environment. The online portion of the class uses similar technology-based tools and activities as an online class.

    Synchronous Online Course: An online course that meets remotely on a regular schedule on specific days and times. This type of course uses online delivery methods for synchronous class meetings. A synchronous online course merges online and face-to-face delivery. Face-to-face meetings are held online, and the remainder of the course is conducted using an LMS to deliver content and communicate.

    Technology-Enhanced Course: A course that is taught face-to-face for 100% of the course meeting time, but classroom assignments and materials are supplemented with technology-based activities. Examples include online projects, handouts and materials, online discussions, or online testing. Note: this is a non-online learning course that uses online learning tools.

    Where Are We Now with Online Learning? SPCCD is a pioneer in online education and was one of the first community colleges in California to offer fully online courses in 1998. However, over the next few years, SPCCD saw limited growth in online offerings, and only 15 course sections were taught online during Fall 2000. The adoption of a learning management system in Spring 2001, the availability of training to teach online, and the recruitment of new faculty interested in teaching online resulted in a rapid increase in online offerings.

  • Research paper

    the rough draft needs to be 5 paragraphs

    Introduction: This paragraphs job is to set up the conversation and lead us toward your research question. Oftentimes, in informative papers, the introduction leads us toward the gap you will explore more in-depth by outlining where the conversation has already been. Remember our Everyone is Talking About, No One is Talking About activity? That is often what an introduction does. It might also express the need to ask and answer the research question as well. Is your research question particularly salient at this moment in history? Explain why. Once your research question is set up and stated in the introduction paragraph (usually near the end), you will move on to body paragraphs.

    Body: The point of body paragraphs in an informative paper is to further explore elements of the larger question or present different views/sides on the debate. For instance, if I were exploring the environmental impacts of electric cars, I would certainly have a body paragraph on their potential to reduce levels of CO2 in the atmosphere. After I explored that, I might also need a paragraph acknowledging potential environmental drawbacks, like the mining of lithium for batteries. Body paragraphs in an informative paper should break down the original research question into smaller ones (remember your Question Outline), or it should give a fair overview of different valid opinions on the question. Remember since this is a more informative paper, you arent taking a strong, persuasive stance on the right answer to the question, though you can certainly suggest what different answers might be.

    You will likely need at least three body paragraphs in this paper to properly explore your question. After you feel like you have explored your question thoroughly, using sources, it is time to wrap it up.

    Conclusion: Your conclusion is a place not only to restate your research question and summarize the main views you covered in the paper, but it should also take some time to synthesize the views. It doesnt have to come up with a definitive solution to the question, but it should suggest some kind of progress in the debate. It could do this by making connections between sources, or it could suggest questions for future research.

    • Research question: How do poverty, school dropout rates, and peer group dynamics correlate with gun violence involvement among young males?

    I have attached the resources that can be used, please use as many as you can

    Attached Files (PDF/DOCX): Library Research Log1.docx, Internet Research Log1.docx

    Note: Content extraction from these files is restricted, please review them manually.

  • Reading Notes #2 As we May think

    Hi Everyone, This week, we’ll go back to Reading Notes with an article from 1945, Reading Notes #2: “As We May Think.” It’s an interesting time capsule that shows us the kind of thinking about AI’s genesis and the kind of technology we are now using. This is a low-stakes, learning-focused assignment designed to help you actively engage with complex readings and build useful study materials. Your goal is not to summarize everything, but to identify what matters: key concepts, important ideas, definitions, historical context, and relationships between ideas. Your notes should be clear, concise, and organized in a way that would actually help you review for a quiz or build toward a larger project. You may include diagrams, timelines, visuals, or a glossary if they help make sense of the material, not every reading needs every element, but your notes should reflect thoughtful choices about whats most important. You are encouraged to use AI as a collaborative tool to help clarify concepts, organize information, and check your understanding not to copy and paste answers. Youre expected to make your own decisions about what to keep, discard, or reframe. Along with your finished Reading Notes, youll submit your full AI chat log so I can see your process. Grading focuses on how well you identify key ideas, how clearly you explain them, and how useful your notes would be as study material. Think of this as practicing how to work with AI critically while building real academic skills: synthesis, interpretation, and sense-making. this is the prompt my professor gave me.
  • Rhetorical Analysis

    Write a rhetorical analysis of Jose Vargass My Life as an Undocumented Immigrant article for an audience of readers who have not encountered the article youre analyzing. For our purposes, a rhetorical analysis explains purpose, audience, genre, and context. These questions will guide your analysis:

    Who is the audience for this article, and how successful was the writer in anticipating their audiences expectations and understanding of the topic, and in what ways did the writer appeal to their audience and were they persuasive in doing so? Do you think you are a member of the writers intended audience?

    What was the writers purpose in writing this article, and how successfully do they articulate this purpose, whether stated or implied? How successful is the writer at fulfilling their purpose?

    How would you describe the style and tone of the article, and are these choices consistent with the genre of the journal or publication in which the article appears? What are the effects of these choices on the writers intended audience and on you, as a reader (whether youre in the intended audience or not)?

    Has the writer sufficiently situated their article within an ongoing conversation about their topic, and did they cite sources and acknowledge others ideas and research in a meaningful way?

    How did the author utilize pathos and logos?

    Details

    Your paper should focus on explaining the key points in your analysis, and together, they will combine into a coherent main point. The following list contains examples of how to state a coherent main point for this assignment:

    WRITERS FULL NAME, in their article XYZ, does an excellent job of appealing to their audience through multiple examples and anecdotes, and as a result it is enjoyable to read. However, the article is not fully successful in achieving its stated purpose because WRITERS LAST NAMEs conclusion does not include any discussion of how their audience could change their behaviors and address the underlying problem of TOPIC.

    In ACADEMIC JOURNAL, articles usually follow a clear structure in which a writer explores a social issue, reviews other scholars attempts to understand the social issue, and then proposes her own analysis of the issue to propose a new solution. WRITERS FULL NAME, in her article XYZ, does exactly that, and in this paper, I will discuss the most effective aspects of WRITERS LAST NAMEs work and explain why they are so effective for their particular audience and purpose.

    In XYZ, WRITERS FULL NAME is successful at establishing a clear topic and problem that needs a solution, as is consistent with the academic genre in which the article is published. But the article is weighed down by too much information and too many statistics, facts and charts that are presented without enough context and explanation. It is possible that some readers in WRITERS LAST NAMEs intended audience do not need a lot of context, but context is always vital to be sure that readers understand where the ideas exist in conversation with other writers and disciplines. Thus, WRITERS LAST NAME is only partly successful in achieving their purpose in this article.

    Notice that in each example, the main point is not just saying that the article is good or bad. Instead, these examples serve to begin a complex analysis, and this is what I want to see in your papers. Aside from figuring out your own main point, it is common for students to struggle in deciding how much to summarize the article and where to include the summary. There are essentially two good options: in most cases, you may summarize the article while you in the process of explaining your main point, but you may also begin your paper with two or three paragraphs of summary before launching into an explanation of your main point. Either is fine, and you should choose whichever structure fits best with your analysis and main point.

    Format

    Your first draft of your paper must be at least four (4) pages long, double-spaced, with one-inch margins and a 12-point font. Quotes and paraphrases from your research sources must be cited in-text and listed at the end using MLA format. No additional research or source material is necessary for this assignment, and if you use any additional sources they must be cited. You may write in the first-person (using I) and the style of your paper should be formal and academic. That is, you may cite personal experience if it is fully necessary to your rhetorical analysis and main point, but personal digressions and unrelated opinions should not be included.

  • Vaping / Smoking cigarettes

    i Have all the inductions on the paper I sent

  • Hot take essay

    rewrite this essay and make a little over 1000 words The prevalence of mental health issues in contemporary society necessitates a multifaceted approach to treatment and support. While conventional methods, such as therapy and medication, have proven effective, the potential therapeutic benefits of religious and spiritual practices are often underestimated. This essay argues that a robust engagement with religious practices can positively influence mental health outcomes, specifically in mitigating symptoms of depression and anxiety. This conclusion is based on an analysis of relevant case studies, statistical data, and journalistic accounts. Recognizing the impact of religion in mental healthcare introduces a potentially valuable avenue for patient treatment. One of the most significant contributions of religion to mental well-being is the provision of a strong social support network. Religious institutions often serve as communal hubs, fostering a sense of belonging and connectedness that combats feelings of isolationa well-documented contributor to both depression and anxiety disorders. Active participation in religious communities has been linked to higher levels of social support and increased life satisfaction. As evidenced by a 2014 study from the Pew Research Center, “religious attendance is associated with higher levels of happiness and life satisfaction.” These communities offer a crucial support system during times of crisis, providing emotional reassurance, practical assistance, and a shared sense of purpose. Furthermore, religious beliefs and practices provide individuals with a framework for navigating life’s challenges. Numerous religious traditions offer teachings on resilience, forgiveness, and the acceptance of suffering, which cultivate a more adaptive mindset when facing adversity. Rituals like prayer, meditation, and other spiritual practices can act as potent coping mechanisms, fostering a sense of inner peace and control during times of stress. These practices assist in regulating emotions, reducing anxiety levels, and promoting overall emotional stability. A study published in the *Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology* highlighted that “religious involvement was associated with lower rates of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse” (Smith et al., 2003), underscoring the potential benefits of religious practice in promoting mental wellness. Beyond social support and coping mechanisms, religion can provide individuals with a sense of meaning and purpose in their lives. Many religious traditions offer a moral compass, guiding individuals toward ethical behavior and fostering a sense of responsibility to others. This purpose can be particularly beneficial for those struggling with mental health issues, as it can counteract feelings of hopelessness and despair. When one’s life is guided by a set of core values and beliefs, individuals can find a sense of direction that transcends their personal struggles. As Viktor Frankl so eloquently expressed in *Man’s Search for Meaning*, “He who has a why to live can bear almost any how.” Of course, the potential downsides of religion must also be considered. Certain religious beliefs, particularly those that are dogmatic or inflexible, can exacerbate mental health issues. Individuals struggling with doubt or uncertainty may experience heightened anxiety as a result of such beliefs. Moreover, instances of harmful practices or beliefs within religious institutions have been documented, which can negatively affect mental health. While these concerns are valid, they should not overshadow the potential benefits of religion. A balanced approach to religious practice that cultivates well-being and resilience is key. Critical thinking and moderation are essential, as with any aspect of life. The integration of religious and spiritual practices into mental healthcare is a growing trend, and with good reason. As mental health professionals become more aware of the potential advantages of religion, they are incorporating spiritual elements into their practices. This may involve encouraging patients to explore their faith, providing referrals to religious leaders or counselors, or integrating prayer or meditation into treatment plans. By embracing a holistic approach to mental health, clinicians can better serve the diverse needs of their patients and offer more tailored, effective treatment strategies. In conclusion, the positive impact of religion on mental health is significant and multifaceted. From providing social support and coping mechanisms to offering a sense of meaning and purpose, religion can play a vital role in promoting overall well-being. By embracing a holistic approach to mental health that incorporates religious or spiritual practices, we can provide individuals with additional resources to manage their mental health issues, which can lead to a more fulfilling life. The potential of the “sanctuary within” to improve mental health is worth further exploration.
  • English Question

    For this assignment you choose one of the careers suggested by your career assessments or another career of interest and find out the description, career outlook, pay, and other information. Please keep in mind this is a research paper, please include the title page, the citation page, in text citation, and have at least 6-7 paragraphs to get full credit.

    Please include the following in your paper to get full credit: Describe the career. What are the typical job duties? What are your personality strengths that match this career? What are some advantages and disadvantages of working in this career? What is the pay and job outlook? What are the educational requirements? What interesting facts did you discover? Please list the three sources of information that you used, cite the sources appropriately. Use sample as a guide for formatting/completing this assignment.

    Ihave attached an example make this for child development


    Requirements: research page

  • Annotated bibliography (Military MRE)

    I need an annotated bibliography to support my final research essay. The topic is military meal, ready to eat (MRE) in one of the annotations try to include something about peanut butter. Criteria -Annotations provide the main conclusion of each resource -Annotation describes the application of each source -Annotation describes the effectiveness of the source in developing the thesis -Sign an annotate at least five sources
  • Paper

    Policy Briefs What this handout is about This handout will offer tips for writing effective policy briefs. Be sure to check with your instructor about their specific expectations for your assignment. What are policy briefs? Imagine that youre an elected official serving on a committee that sets the standards cars must meet to pass a state inspection. You know that this is a complex issue, and youd like to learn more about existing policies, the effects of emissions on the environment and on public health, the economic consequences of different possible approaches, and moreyou want to make an informed decision. But you dont have time to research all of these issues! You need a policy brief. A policy brief presents a concise summary of information that can help readers understand, and likely make decisions about, government policies. Policy briefs may give objective summaries of relevant research, suggest possible policy options, or go even further and argue for particular courses of action. How do policy briefs differ from other kinds of writing assignments? You may encounter policy brief assignments in many different academic disciplines, from public health and environmental science to education and social work. If youre reading this handout because youre having your first encounter with such an assignment, dont worrymany of your existing skills and strategies, like using evidence, being concise, and organizing your information effectively, will help you succeed at this form of writing. However, policy briefs are distinctive in several ways. Audience In some of your college writing, youve addressed your peers, your professors, or other members of your academic field. Policy briefs are usually created for a more general reader or policy maker who has a stake in the issue that youre discussing. Tone and terminology Many academic disciplines discourage using unnecessary jargon, but clear language is especially important in policy briefs. If you find yourself using jargon, try to replace it with more direct language that a non-specialist reader would be more likely to understand. When specialized terminology is necessary, explain it quickly and clearly to ensure that your reader doesnt get confused. Purpose Policy briefs are distinctive in their focus on communicating the practical implications of research to a specific audience. Suppose that you and your roommate both write research-based papers about global warming. Your roommate is writing a research paper for an environmental science course, and you are writing a policy brief for a course on public policy. You might both use the exact same sources in writing your papers. So, how might those papers differ? Your roommates research paper is likely to present the findings of previous studies and synthesize them in order to present an argument about what we know. It might also discuss the methods and processes used in the research. Your policy brief might synthesize the same scientific findings, but it will deploy them for a very specific purpose: to help readers decide what they should do. It will relate the findings to current policy debates, with an emphasis on applying the research outcomes rather than assessing the research procedures. A research paper might also suggest practical actions, but a policy brief is likely to emphasize them more strongly and develop them more fully. Format To support these changes in audience, tone, and purpose, policy briefs have a distinctive format. You should consult your assignment prompt and/or your professor for instructions about the specific requirements of your assignment, but most policy briefs have several features in common. They tend to use lots of headings and have relatively short sections. This structure differs from many short papers in the humanities that may have a title but no further headings, and from reports in the sciences that may follow the IMRAD structure of introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Your brief might include graphs, charts, or other visual aids that make it easier to digest the most important information within sections. Policy briefs often include some of these sections: Title: A good title quickly communicates the contents of the brief in a memorable way. Executive Summary: This section is often one to two paragraphs long; it includes an overview of the problem and the proposed policy action. Context or Scope of Problem: This section communicates the importance of the problem and aims to convince the reader of the necessity of policy action. Policy Alternatives: This section discusses the current policy approach and explains proposed options. It should be fair and accurate while convincing the reader why the policy action proposed in the brief is the most desirable. Policy Recommendations: This section contains the most detailed explanation of the concrete steps to be taken to address the policy issue. Appendices: If some readers might need further support in order to accept your argument but doing so in the brief itself might derail the conversation for other readers, you might include the extra information in an appendix. Consulted or Recommended Sources: These should be reliable sources that you have used throughout your brief to guide your policy discussion and recommendations. Depending on your specific topic and assignment, you might combine sections or break them down into several more specific ones. How do I identify a problem for my policy brief? An effective policy brief must propose a solution to a well-defined problem that can be addressed at the level of policy. This may sound easy, but it can take a lot of work to think of a problem in a way that is open to policy action. For example, bad spending habits in young adults might be a problem that you feel strongly about, but you cant simply implement a policy to make better financial decisions. In order to make it the subject of a policy brief, youll need to look for research on the topic and narrow it down. Is the problem a lack of financial education, predatory lending practices, dishonest advertising, or something else? Narrowing to one of these (and perhaps further) would allow you to write a brief that can propose concrete policy action. For another example, lets say that you wanted to address childrens health. This is a big issue, and too broad to serve as the focus of a policy brief, but it could serve as a starting point for research. As you begin to research studies on childrens health, you might decide to zoom in on the more specific issue of childhood obesity. Youll need to consult the research further to decide what factors contribute to it in order to propose policy changes. Is it lack of exercise, nutritional deficiencies, a combination of these, or something else? Choosing one or another of these issues, your brief would zoom in even further to specific proposals that might include exercise initiatives, nutritional guidelines, or school lunch programs. The key is that you define the problem and its contributing factors as specifically as possible so that some sort of concrete policy action (at the local, state, or national level) is feasible. Framing the issue Once youve identified the problem for yourself, you need to decide how you will present it to your reader. Your own process of identifying the problem likely had some stops, starts, and dead-ends, but your goal in framing the issue for your reader is to provide the most direct path to understanding the problem and the proposed policy change. It can be helpful to think of some of the most pressing questions your audience will have and attempt to preemptively answer those questions. Here are some questions you might want to consider: What is the problem? Understanding what the problem is, in the clearest terms possible, will give your reader a reference point. Later, when youre discussing complex information, your reader can refer back to the initial problem. This will help to anchor them throughout the course of your argument. Every piece of information in the brief should be clearly and easily connected to the problem. What is the scope of the problem? Knowing the extent of the problem helps to frame the policy issue for your reader. Is the problem statewide, national, or international? How many people does this issue affect? Daily? Annually? This is a great place for any statistical information you may have gathered through your research. Who are the stakeholders? Who does this issue affect? Adult women? College-educated men? Children from bilingual homes? The primary group being affected is important, and knowing who this group is allows the reader to assign a face to the policy issue. Policy issues can include a complex network of stakeholders. Double check whether you have inadvertently excluded any of them from your analysis. For example, a policy about childrens nutrition obviously involves the children, but it might also include food producers, distributors, parents, and nutritionists (and other experts). Some stakeholders might be reluctant to accept your policy change or even acknowledge the existence of the problem, which is why your brief must be convincing in its use of evidence and clear in its communication. Assignment: Create a policy brief on current legal issues affecting heterogamous marriages and propose policy recommendations. Your paper should be APA formatted, with a minimum of 5 pages and 3 references.
  • Research Project – Research Proposal

    please look through the notes and let me know if you have any questions.