Category: Ethics

In clinical practice of working with diverse populations, cultural humility is recognizing and understanding aspects of other cultures unfamiliar to ourselves, such as cultural heritage, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. In this assignment, choose one of the role-play scenarios from the videos below. Imagine you are using the chosen scenario to demonstrate ethically working with culturally diverse populations to a small group of newly hired staff at your counseling facility. Prepare a paper that could provide a written explanation for this purpose. In a 2- to 3-page descriptive essay, you will:

• Identify the chosen scenario within the introduction to the paper.
• Provide a specific example of how cultural humility was demonstrated in the scenario.
• Describe why the example fits within the definition of cultural humility. Include enough detail to ensure the staff understands the meaning of cultural humility.
• Based on the scenario, describe at least two identity dimensions of the diverse population represented.
• Accurately apply at least three ethical standards (not general principles) from a code of ethics in the psychology field to the chosen scenario.
• At least two of the standards chosen must be directly related to an aspect of the clients culture or dealing with the client in a culturally appropriate manner.
• Discuss why each of the standards chosen applies to the scenario.

Your assignment should be a 23 page descriptive essay, not including the title and reference pages, and should include the following elements:

• Title page: Provide your name, title of assignment, course and section number, and date.
• Body: Answer all the questions in complete sentences and paragraphs.
• The assignment must be written in Standard English and demonstrate superior organization, including a highly developed viewpoint and purpose.
• The communication of your thoughts must be highly ordered, logical, and unified, displaying exceptional content, organization, style, and mechanics (including the use of correct grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure).
• Reference page: Sources listed in current APA format.

As you read Chapter 4 of the textbook and the lecture notes associated with this week, reflect on some organization you recognize for being the best. Briefly discuss how this organization builds its concepts of customer data dynamics and sub-concepts. Both the chapter reading materials on page 42 and the lecture provide several examples of customer data dynamics and sub-concepts.

Instructions

• Follow rubric guidelines

The context of this Discussion is the apparent clash of profit versus ethics relating to critical types of intellectual property (IP). The dilemma is to what extent should businesses prioritize profit and the promotion of innovation through IP protection over advancing the greater good for social welfare and sustainability (people and planet).

Scenario

Imagine X5RL, a pharmaceutical company, develops a groundbreaking, patented treatment for a widespread chronic disease. X5RL sets a high price on the treatment to recover its R&D costs, fund future innovations, and reap profits. However, many patients especially in low-income regions — cannot afford the treatment due to lack of or insufficient – insurance coverage. As a result, a significant measure of the population is foreclosed from the lifesaving treatment.

Discuss!

Post a cohesive, substantive paragraph that incorporates the following ; (do NOTlist as a “Q & A”):

• Is the public’s financial issue X5RL’s problem? Should it be?
• How can this company integrate CSR principles into its strategy to profit from its IP and also provide equitable access, and what ethical considerations should guide this approach?

Please respond to ALL of the following discussion questions listed below in a minimum of 2 paragraphs in length with thoughtful and well-structured organization.

1. Do you think humans are more morally important than nonhuman animals? Why or why not? Explain and discuss the implications of your answer for the ethics of meat-eating and lab experimentation.

2. Singer argues that there is no characteristic that could justify taking the interests of all humans to override the interests of other animals. Do you agree with this claim? What do you think is the best candidate for such a characteristic, and why is it adequate or inadequate? Defend your answers.

3. What is the difference between active and passive euthanasia? Do you think this difference is morally important? Why or why not? Considering your answer to this question, present and defend a position regarding the moral permissibility of active euthanasia.

4. Explain the Doctors Must Not Kill Argument against the morality of doctors performing active euthanasia. Do you think that it follows from their do not harm oath that doctors should not perform active euthanasia? Defend your answer.

AI Dunlap Obituary:

An article about the Ethics of Love:

Final Essay- Keystone Assessment (30 % of your class grade) Please read the AI Dunlap Obituary, the Ethics of Love Article, and watch the Ethics of Love lecture

In a five-paragraph essay or more, apply ONE of these ethical theories (Kant’s Categorical Imperative, Utilitarianism, Virtue Ethics, and Ethics of Love) to AI Dunlaps business leadership, evaluating his moral attitudes and actions according to the ethical theory applied. Apply the ethical theory in each paragraph to support your arguments throughout the entire essay. Not using an ethical theory results in an automatic zero. Using more than one ethical theory results in an

automatic zero.

The keystone assessment will be graded according to the following aspects:

1) You have an introduction paragraph that introduces the moral issues of AI Dunlap and

the moral theory of your choosing. You also have a thesis statement that clearly

states your position and how you will argue for it.

2) You choose only one of the four moral ethical theories listed above as the cornerstone

of your essay.

i) For Kants Deontology, you include and apply his two arguments

ii) For Utilitarianism, you include and apply Benthams four points in his Principle

of Utility and three or more aspects of his Felicific Calculus.”

iii) For Virtue Ethics, you include and apply Aristotles Golden Mean, his views on

universal virtues with their relation to eudaimonia, and three or more virtues from

the virtue table

iv For Ethics of Love, you include and apply the personalist ethics of Dietrich von Hildebrand and Max Scheler to suffering

3) Each reason is communicated well and related to the AI Dunlap story.

You use examples from his obituary to show your point. Each reason has enough detail to clearly illustrate your position to someone who does not know too

much about ethics.

5) You have a conclusion that neatly wraps up the gist of the essay by evaluating whether you think AI Dunlap is a moral hero and what you hope for your own future as a moral person.

Please follow instructions, place in APA format, 2 examples have been provided. You may choose between any of these topics to complete assignment: Acute CareRefusal of treatment, Organ transplantation (living and cadaveric organs, recipient selection).

Public HealthEmergencies (anthrax, SARS, TB, Ebola), Refusal of public health interventions, Requests for interventions that are not recommended, Vaccinations (childhood, outbreak, HPV), Access to health care for undocumented immigrants.

Genomic TestingDisclosure of results, Genetic discrimination, Genetic enhancement.

End of LifeInsistence on life-sustaining interventions… by patients or physicians, Advanced directives, Surrogate decision-making, Compassionate use of experimental drugs prior to FDA approval.

Write a 57 page research paper on the ethical principles and standards in research and publication. The paper should include: An overview of the multicultural and diversity influences in research and publication. A discussion of the importance of these concepts and factors in research and publication. An analysis of the strategies that can be used to address these influences in research and publication. An analysis of your selected topic that relates to the use of multicultural and diversity influence in research: The ethical implications of conducting research with diverse populations. A conclusion that summarizes the key points of the paper. Additional Requirements Your assignment should also meet the following requirements: Written communication: Written communication is free of errors that detract from the overall message. Resources: Support your work with at least five peer-reviewed scholarly sources. APA formatting: Resources and citations are formatted according to APA style and formatting guidelines. Include both a title and a references page. Refer to Academic Writer Links to an external site. for guidance. Length and Format: 57 typed, double-spaced pages of content in addition to a title page and references page in a Microsoft Word document. Other file formats will not be accepted. Font and font size: Times New Roman, 12 point. Competencies Measured By successfully completing this assignment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and scoring guide criteria: Competency 3: Illustrate proper incorporation of multicultural and diversity influences as appropriate in research and publication. Describe the multicultural and diversity influences that are present in research and publication. Discuss the importance of multicultural and diversity concepts and factors in research and publication. Analyze the impact of multicultural and diversity influences on a selected topic related to research. Competency 4: Develop strategies to address ethical and diversity-related issues in research. Analyze strategies for addressing multicultural and diversity influences in research and publication. Competency 5: Write in accordance with the academic and professional requirements of the discipline, ensuring appropriate structure, grammar, usage, and style. Summarize the key points of the paper. Apply the standard writing conventions for the discipline, including structure, voice, person, and tone. Locate at least five peer-reviewed, from the University Librasry that are scholarly journal articles that support your analysis. PEER REVIEW JOURNALS: 1. Research Involving Health Providers and Managers: Ethical Issues Faced by Researchers Conducting Diverse Health Policy and Systems Research in Kenya by Molyneux, Sassy; Tsofa, Benjamin; Barasa, Edwine ; Nyikuri, Mary Muyoka; Waweru, Evelyn Wanjiku; Goodman, Catherine; Gilson, Lucy 2. Ethical and cultural implications for conducting verbal autopsies in South and Southeast Asia: a qualitative study by Htun, Nan Shwe Nwe; Perrone, Carlo; Phyo, Aung Pyae ; Sen, Aninda; Phommasone, Koukeo; Vanna, Moul; Kanthawang, Nipaphan; Sappayabanphot, Jarntrah; Yotyingaphiram, Widi; Wirachonphaophong, Jindaporn; Kabir, Nawrin; Ol, Sam; Xaiyaphet, Xaipasong; Soulivong, Ailatda; Seevanhthong, Khambang; Tripura, Rupam; Chew, Rusheng; Khirikoekkong, Napat; Morris, Shaun K; Osterrieder, Anne; Cheah, Phaik Yeong; Jha, Prabhat; Lubell, Yoel; Peto, Thomas J 3. Ethical considerations for conducting research with transgender and gender-diverse patient registries: Balancing our need for evidence with patient vulnerability by Stamm, Laura; Levandowski, Brooke A.; Shirin, Ahona ; Lytle, Megan 4. Review: Genetic research on alcohol use outcomes in African American populations: A review of the literature, associated challenges, and implications by Dick, Danielle M.; Barr, Peter; Guy, Mignonne ; Nasim, Aashir; Scott, Denise 5. A Study of Academics Perceptions of Ethical Implications of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Scientific Research and Publishing by Ekmekci, Perihan Elif; Buruk, Banu; Akar, Baak ; Ardolu Akn, Nazife Yasemin

Select two from the numerated ethical theories and apply them to the ethical dilemma below. Note well: this is not an invitation for you to tell me how you personally would respond, but rather what a person whose professed ethical theory corresponds to your choices would say. CHOOSE TWO: 1. Utilitarianism (whether Act or Rule), 2. Deontology, and/or 3. Virtue Ethics (which may involve some version of Care Ethics or not). Apply them to this scenario: The Two that i am going to be using for this essay is virtue ethics and deontology.

Dan, a sophomore in college who believes with all his heart that the christian god has appointed him to the mission of getting through his education so that he can become a political leader in the United States, is at a crossroads in his Introduction to Ethics class. He must earn an “A” on the final exam in order to keep up his GPA and he must keep up his GPA in order to continue to receive the scholarship funding that will make it possible for him to complete the education that is necessary in order to attain the political position that will fulfill his god-given mission. Dan’s friend, Bart, took the Ethics course with Dr. West in the previous semester and managed somehow to take a screen shot of the final exam with the correct answers. Having heard from others that Dr. West frequently recycles the same exam, Dan figures that he would be assured the “A” if he studied Bart’s screenshot of the exam. Dan decides that the future fulfillment of his god-given purpose is too important to risk not receiving an “A” on the exam; so he decides to use Bart’s exam. Dan scores a “100” on the exam, imagining that Dr. West and everyone else is none the wiser for it. Suppose that he goes on to become President of the United States

Please write a 500-700 word (2-3 page, double-spaced) paper formatted using the Chicago Manual of Style (no MLA or APA will be accepted) with one-inch margins, elegant/professional 12-point font, interestingly titled paper that fully addresses the prompt below. As is customary in my classes, you are instructed NOT to consult outside sources. You will not need them as you are expected to engage directly with the assigned text material and to give me the sense that you have understood the content for this unit of the course. But even when using assigned textual material, you will still be expected to adhere to rigorous academic honesty in citing any direct quotation or paraphrasing you may deploy. The expectation is that you will give me YOUR reflection and not the “pre-chewed food” of someone else’s reflection. The goal of this exercise is to demonstrate that you understand how to apply at least two of the ethical theories we have studied (read about or discussed). But NOTE: It is impossible to produce a successful document that does not include reference to and citation of the authorized source documents. Your paper must include precise, i.e., not just a list of “Sources consulted”, documentation of sources used and, if it fails to do so, it will be treated as an instance of academic dishonesty with an automatic “0” for the assignment.

the added items at the bottom are all that are needed for this assignment most of it will be coming from a text book i will provide screen shots of evey page needed and the potentially used to be cited. along with the title and the author of the textbook the screen shots will be in page order. Paper is chicago style so i do need footnotes for a good grade.

title of the book and authors

EthicsTheory and Contemporary Issues, 010th Ed.

Andrew Fiala, Barbara MacKinnon.

chapters for deontological ethics is chapter 6

chapter for virtue ethics is chapter 8

Police misconduct is rarely a simple issue with a simple solution. Real-world cases often involve overlapping forms of deviance, unclear boundaries between policy and ethics, and complex organizational pressures. In this assignment, you will examine a fictional police department with several officers involved in different forms of misconduct. Your task is to analyze each incident, classify the type of wrongdoing, determine potential causes, and recommend appropriate sanctions and reforms.

Case Study:

The Riverton Police Department (RPD)

RPD is a mid-sized agency facing recent scrutiny after several internal and external complaints surfaced in a short period of time. The following incidents occurred over a four-month span:

Incident 1: Officer Smith (10-year veteran)

During a routine audit, supervisors discover that Smith has been leaving his patrol district for extended periods without notifying dispatch. GPS logs show he repeatedly visited a local bar during his shift. He denies drinking alcohol but admits he occasionally stops in to talk to friends.

Incident 2: Officer Jones (3-year officer)

A citizen reports that Jones accepted $200 in exchange for letting a traffic ticket slide. Jones claims the driver insisted he take the money and that he didnt want to be rude, but IA investigators find the cash in his vest pocket.

Incident 3: Officer Daniels (5-year officer)

Body-worn camera footage shows Daniels pushing a handcuffed suspect against a wall after the suspect made a sarcastic comment. The suspect did not resist and suffered minor injuries.

Incident 4: Sergeant Walker (18-year veteran)

Walker is arrested off-duty after a domestic violence incident in which he struck his spouse during an argument. Alcohol was involved. The spouse later requests charges be dropped, but the DA proceeds.

Incident 5: Officer Johnson (new recruit)

Johnson is arrested off-duty in a prostitution sting. He states he made a mistake and that it has nothing to do with his job.

Assignment Prompt:

Part 1: Categorize Each Incident

For each officer, explain whether their misconduct does or does not qualify as each category listed below. Some incidents may fit more than one category. Be sure to explain why.

• Policy Violation – Breaking an internal rule, procedure, or departmental expectation.
• Ethical Breach – Behavior that violates professional ethics, public trust, or accepted moral standardseven if not illegal.
• Criminal Conduct – Actions that violate state or federal law.
• Corruption – Abuse of authority for personal gain (accepting money, favors, or benefits).

Part 2: Evaluate Root Causes at Three Levels

For each officer, identify possible causes at each level:

• Individual Level
• Organizational Level
• Societal Level

Part 3: Recommend Sanctions for each Officer

For each officer, recommend appropriate discipline and provide a justification grounded in:

• Severity – How serious is the harm or risk?
• Intent – Was the act accidental, reckless, or intentional?
• Harm – Physical, emotional, organizational, or community damage.
• Past Precedent – What similar cases in policing typically receive.
• Rehabilitation Potential – Can training, counseling, or monitoring reasonably correct the behavior?

Sanctions may include:

• Verbal or written reprimand
• Suspension
• Demotion
• Mandatory training
• Counseling, EAP referral, or substance abuse treatment
• Last-chance agreement
• Termination
• Referral for criminal prosecution

Your recommendations should be realistic, defensible, and consistent.

Part 4: Propose Reforms to Prevent Future Misconduct

Based on the patterns you identified in the case study, propose one agency-wide reform designed to reduce or prevent similar misconduct in the future. Select one area of reform from the list below:

• Training
• Policy Changes
• Supervision and Organizational Culture
• Officer Wellness and Support
• Community Engagement

For the proposed reform, explain:

• What the reform would involve
• Which problem or pattern from the case study it addresses
• How the reform would help prevent future misconduct
• One potential challenge or limitation to implementing the reform

Your proposals should focus on system-level changes, not individual punishment, and should demonstrate an understanding of how organizational structure, culture, and oversight influence officer behavior.

Instructions:

For this assignment, your essay should demonstrate your ability to express ideas clearly, use critical thinking, and organize your thoughts in a coherent manner. The essay should reflect your understanding of the topic, supported by research, facts, or personal experiences.

Your essay should be at least 500 words. Be sure to include your word count and at least two citations from you text book. Include in-text citations with the page number where the information appears. Example: (Smith, 2025, p. 37)

Additional Requirements:

• Formatting: Your essay should be typed in a readable font (Times New Roman, Arial) with 1-inch margins, using APA formatting. Use double spacing and include your name and the assignment title at the top of the document.
• Grammar and Style: Ensure your essay is free from grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Use clear and concise language. Avoid overly complex sentences, but make sure your writing is detailed enough to fully explain your points.
• Original Work: The essay should be your own work. It should not be copied directly from any sources, including the internet, textbooks, or AI-generated content. If you use any outside sources, make sure to paraphrase and cite them correctly.
• Citation: If you reference any external sources (books, articles, websites, etc.), be sure to cite them properly in APA format.
• These OWL resources will help you with the types of writing and research you may encounter in this and other classes while in college.

Important Notes:

• Use of AI: While AI tools can be helpful in brainstorming ideas, the essay you submit must reflect your own thoughts and writing. Directly using only AI-generated content is considered academic dishonesty, so be sure your work is original.

This assignment meets course competencies 1, 2, 5, and 6.

Written Assignment Rubric 50 (5)

Written Assignment Rubric 50 (5)CriteriaRatingsPtsContent, Substance, Ideas

15 pts

Exeptional/Thorough

Demonstrates a strong and comprehensive understanding of the topic. Addresses all parts of the prompt with depth, accuracy, and insight. Clearly integrates course concepts, terminology, and relevant examples. Content reflects critical thinking, analysis, and clear connections to criminal justice practice or theory.

12 pts

Proficient/Effective

Demonstrates solid understanding of the topic. Addresses most parts of the prompt clearly and accurately. Includes relevant examples or references to course material, though depth or analysis may be limited in places. Shows thoughtful engagement with the subject matter.

8 pts

Developing/Partial Understanding

Addresses the prompt but omits some key details or explanations. Demonstrates a basic grasp of ideas, but content may be general, uneven, or lack sufficient support. Limited use of examples or course material to demonstrate understanding.

4 pts

Limited/Minimal Understanding

Addresses only part of the topic or misunderstands key concepts. Provides little relevant information or development of ideas. Content lacks clarity, focus, or connection to course learning.

0 pts

No Submission/Off-Topic

Response is missing, off-topic, or fails to address the assignment prompt. Shows no understanding of the material or assignment expectations.

/ 15 pts

Examples, Evidence, Support

10 pts

Strong and Effective Support

Uses clear, relevant, and accurate examples or evidence to fully support key ideas. Demonstrates understanding through thoughtful connections between research, course concepts, and real-world applications.

5 pts

Limited or Inconsistent Support

Includes some examples or evidence, but they may be general, vague, or only loosely connected to the main ideas. Limited explanation of how evidence supports the point; reasoning may be incomplete or lack depth.

0 pts

Insufficient or Missing Support

Provides little to no relevant examples, details, or evidence. Ideas are unsupported or based on opinion without connection to facts, research, or course content.

/ 10 pts

Word Count

10 pts

500+ words

8 pts

400-499

6 pts

300-399

4 pts

200-299

2 pts

100-199

0 pts

Under 100 words

/ 10 pts

Grammar, Spelling, Punctuation

5 pts

Error Free

Writing is clear, polished, and professional. Virtually no errors in grammar, spelling, or punctuation. Sentence structure and word choice enhance readability and professionalism.

4 pts

Proficient/Minor Errors

Writing is generally clear and professional. Contains a few minor grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors that do not distract from meaning. Sentences are mostly well-constructed and easy to follow.

3 pts

Developing/Noticeable Errors

Writing is understandable but contains frequent grammar, spelling, or punctuation errors. Errors sometimes interfere with clarity or flow. May need proofreading or revision for sentence structure and mechanics.

0 pts

Limited / Needs Significant Improvement

Frequent or severe grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors make the writing difficult to read or understand. Lacks proofreading and does not meet college-level writing standards. Submission may be incomplete or not written in standard English.

/ 5 pts

Provides Citation

5 pts

Full Marks

0 pts

No Marks

/ 5 pts

Provides Word Count

5 pts

Full Marks

0 pts

No Marks

/ 5 pts

Total Points: 0

At least one substantive post or substantive reply on Lori Gruen, Ethics and Animals (2nd Ed), in-text pgs. 81-100 (Ch. 4: “Eating Animals”) It has often been said that if people were required to kill the animals they eat, they would become vegetarians. In one year, a household of four people in the United States eats approximately three-quarters of a cow, one and a third pigs, seventy chickens, and four turkeys. If they were to kill all these animals them- selves, they would be slaughtering animals at least once a week (and would need a very large freezer). But it isnt only the use of time and space that might put people off eating other animals. The repulsion would come from having to look into an animals eyes while yielding a knife and slitting her throat. Most people dont have the time, space, or temperament to slaughter other animals to eat them, and they dont have to because large intensive slaughter- houses and processing plants exist to do the job for them. In the United States alone, these massive industrialized operations are capable of slaughtering and processing about ten billion animals annually, and the killing is designed to be swift and mechanical. In a single chicken slaughterhouse, for example, the birds are killed at a rate averaging 7,500 an hour, about two birds per second. The process involves shackling birds upside down by their feet from an overhead conveyor belt, dipping their heads into an electrified water tank to stun them, and then whizzing them past a sharp revolving blade that slices their necks. They are then dropped into a scalding tank that prepares their carcasses for de-feathering and dismemberment. The chickens are moving so fast, often only shackled by one leg, that when they arent sufficiently stunned, they struggle to free themselves. That struggle can cause the killing blade to cut through only part of their necks, and if the human killer on the floor at the time misses the kill, the chicken ends up boiled alive. One such killer, the late Virgil Butler, described his experiences working at Tyson Foods Grannis, Arkansas processing plant. Tyson Foods is the worlds largest food processing company and processes an estimated 2 billion chickens each year. 81 Published online by Cambridge University Press The killing machine can never slit the throat of every bird that goes by, especially those that the stunner does not stun properly. So, you have what is known as a killer whose job it is to catch those birds so that they are not scalded alive in the tank … No matter what the weather is like outside, this room is hot, between 90100F. The scalders also keep the humidity at about 100%. You can see the steam in the air as a kind of haze. You put on your plastic apron to cover your whole body from the sprays of blood and the hot water that keeps the killing machines blade clean and washes the floor. You put on the steel glove and pick up the knife. Its very sharp. It has to be. You can hear the squawking from the chickens being hung in the next room as well as the metal shackles rattling. Here come the birds through the stunner into the killing machine. You can expect to have to catch every 5th one or so, many that are not stunned. They come at you 182186 per minute. There is blood everywhere, in the 3 3 20 trough beneath the machine, on your face, your neck, your arms, all down your apron. You are covered in it. Sometimes you have to wash off the clots of blood, without taking your eyes off the line lest one slip by … You cant catch them all, but you try. You see it flopping around in the scalder, beating itself against the sides … another redbird. You know that for every one you see suffer like this, there have been as many as 10 you didnt see. The sheer amount of killing and blood can really get to you after a while, especially if you cant just shut down all emotion completely … You feel like part of a big death machine. Pretty much treated that way as well. Sometimes weird thoughts will enter your head. Its just you and the dying chickens. The surreal feelings grow into such a horror of the barbaric nature of your behavior. You are murdering helpless birds by the thousands (75,000 to 90,000 a night). You are a killer You shut down all emotions eventually. You just cant care about anything. Because if you care about something, it opens the gate to all those bad feelings that you cant afford to feel and still do your job. You have bills to pay. You have to eat. But, you dont want chicken. You have to be really hungry to eat that.1 1 From the Cyberactivist, Inside the Mind of a Killer 2003/08/inside mind of killer.html. 82 Ethics and Animals Published online by Cambridge University Press Butler, a self-described hillbilly from rural Arkansas, started out in the chicken industry as a catcher when he was a teenager. He would travel to various contract farms for Tyson, go into the chicken houses, grab the chickens, and stuff them into crates to be transported to slaughterhouses. Later he got a steady job killing chickens at Tyson plants. He worked killing chickens for five years before he could no longer do the job. It was certainly hard work, but apparently, what got to Virgil was his inability to accept the suffering he was causing and admit what he did for a living to his loved ones. Even though he was raised to believe they are just damned chickens, over time their blood and terror were too much for him. He ended up getting fired from Tyson in 2002 after missing work repeatedly, became a vegetarian, and, until his death in December 2006, worked tirelessly to expose what was happening on Americas factory farms. The scenes that Butler recounts are not so different from those Upton Sinclair described a century earlier in The Jungle, his graphic expos of abuses of workers and animals occurring in Chicagos unregulated slaughterhouses. While methods for transporting, slaughtering, and processing animals have not changed in meaningful ways for the animals, one thing certainly has changed the methods of rearing animals before they are transported to meet their ends. In the early 1900s, most animals were raised on small, independent farms and ranches, where the ranchers and farmers and their families had direct relationships with the animals. Knowledge about how to care for the animals was passed down from previous generations, and stories about the quirks and antics of the animals were shared at the end of long working days. Animals were typically outdoors, relatively free to move around, and able to socialize with others of their kind. They were protected from predators and had fairly pleasant lives. All that began to change in the 1920s, as farming became more industrialized. The Evolution of Industrial Agriculture In the 1900s, there were over six million farms throughout the United States. A century later, there were approximately two million farms, and the size of each was roughly triple that of the farms of old. This trend toward a smaller number of much larger operations is the direct result of the industrialization of agriculture. In 1926, the US Secretary of Agriculture encouraged the transformation of farms into factories, stating: The United States has Eating Animals 83 Published online by Cambridge University Press become great industrially largely through mass production which facilitates elimination of waste and lowering of overhead costs … tremendous econ- omies both in production and distribution has [sic] enabled manufacturers to supply consumers with what they want when they want it. It seems to me that in this matter agriculture must follow the example of industry.2 Of course, not all of these farms were dedicated to raising animals, but those that were faced unique challenges, not the least of which was figuring out how to keep a large number of animals alive in a confined space. Chickens were the first to be transformed into mass-produced commod- ities, although they were not sent directly to factory farms but rather to laboratories in agricultural colleges across the country where animal hus- bandry became animal science. As the Republican party of the 1920s was campaigning on the slogan a chicken in every pot, poultry scientists were studying chicken reproduction, health, and nutrition in order to figure out a way to rear chickens intensively. Of all animals raised for food, chickens proved to be relatively good laboratory subjects. They had short lifespans and were small enough to be caged, and their early development could be studied outside of their mothers bodies, in eggs. Still it was not easy to keep the birds confined their entire lives. Initially, the lack of ultraviolet light contrib- uted to a nutritional deficiency that created leg weakness.3 Adding vitamin D to chicken feed allowed scientists, and ultimately farmers, to overcome this particular difficulty for intensive confinement. But as chickens were being confined in greater numbers, additional problems emerged, particu- larly problems with contagious diseases. If one chicken became sick, it would not be long before the whole flock, now confined in tight quarters, would become sick. In the 1940s, antibiotic use was introduced into industrialized animal farming, and it fundamentally changed the industry. In addition to helping control the spread of disease, adding antibiotics to feed increased the weight of chickens by 10 percent or more, and it turned out that antibiotics had a growth-promoting effect on other animals as well.4 In 1954, 2 million pounds of antibiotics were produced in the United States, and roughly a quarter of this supply was used in livestock feed. Within ten years, the amount of antibiotics used more than doubled, and by the late 1990s, over 25 million pounds of antibiotics were fed to animals on industrial farms in the United States. As we will see later in this chapter, the regular use of 2 As cited in Fitzgerald 2003: 108. 3 Boyd 2001. 4 Ibid.: 647. 84 Ethics and Animals Published online by Cambridge University Press antibiotics and antimicrobials in animal agriculture has had worrisome consequences on public health. Adding antibiotics to animal feed is just one of the ways that industrial- ized farmers were able to increase the growth of animals. Manipulating their genomes, both through trial-and-error breeding and through laboratory interventions to genetically modify animals, has allowed for faster develop- ment of larger, meatier animals in less time. Again, this all started with chickens, or, more precisely, with eggs. The older breeds of chicken initially bred for slaughter required seventy to eighty days to grow to their final weight of just under 3 pounds, and the feed conversion ratio that is, the number of pounds of food it takes to produce a pound of chicken was 4 to 1. Today, chickens reach an average slaughter weight of about 5 pounds in only forty-five days, and the feed conversion ratio is now less than 2 to 1.5 The ability to grow larger animals, in less time and for less direct cost, could only have occurred when companies were large enough to exert control over all aspects of the industry from production through marketing so as to make profits more predictable, which, in turn, allowed for more investment in research. Tyson Foods, Inc. is a prime example of a corporation that not only controls production, but also influences the mar- ketplace, even creating products that consumers didnt know they wanted. From its humble beginnings in spring 1936, when John W. Tyson, a small- time Arkansas trucker, drove 500 chickens to sell to the big Chicago slaugh- terhouses, Tyson Foods, Inc. has become the the largest provider of protein products on the planet, achieved primarily through a process known as vertical integration. Tyson Foods owns almost all of the hatcheries, feed mills, and slaughter and processing plants it uses to produce animals. And the top ten integrated firms now control over 75 percent of chicken produc- tion in the United States, so they influence the market as well. They contract out the process of growing chickens to smaller operations, but the com- panies maintain ownership of the chickens. Although sometimes referred to as family farmers, these smaller grow-out operations dont look anything like the family farms of old. Integrators often require growers to maintain expensive state-of-the-art chicken houses in which up to 30,000 birds are crammed and monitored by high-tech equipment. Computers give growers up-to-the-second reports on temperature, feeding and watering 5 Barrett 2002a. Eating Animals 85 Published online by Cambridge University Press systems output, and chicken weight. Heaters, coolers, lights, humidifiers, and ventilation are automated and respond to computer outputs. These high- end modern chicken houses can cost between $175,000 and $200,000 each. While this automation may seem to make things easier for the contract grower, the debt they bear makes these small growers vulnerable to the changing whims of the integrators. Growers must accept the terms of the contracts in order to make ends meet. In addition, as one contract grower put it, you become a prisoner to your farm … Ive got pagers that alert me when somethings wrong but you only have a few minutes to react. In the past, when the houses werent so dependent on technology, you had more time to adjust the temperature or the water. Now, youve got to get there quick or else youll lose thousands of birds.6 In addition to vertical integration, the large corporations have diversified they dont simply grow and slaughter one type of animal, but are involved in turning a variety of animals into consumer products. Tyson Foods, Inc. is one of the three largest cow and pig slaughterers in the United States. In 2019 their sales were over $42 billion and they boast that they produce 1 in 5 pounds of all the chicken, beef, and pork in the United States. They have the capacity to kill 45 million chickens, 155,000 cows, and 461,000 pigs per week. 7 One of their fun facts states that they sell enough chicken tender- loins in one year that if you placed them end to end, they would circle the earth 3.7 times. And it isnt just their imagined chicken tenderloins travers- ing the earth, but the actual body parts of all sorts of animals raised, processed, and sold around the world. Globally, an estimated 72 billion land and 13 trillion aquatic animals are killed for consumption each year.8 Worldwide consumption of animals has increased more than fivefold since 1950, and factory farms, or what govern- ment agencies and the industry are now referring to as CAFOs concen- trated animal feeding operations are being set up in many countries, particularly those that have relatively lax regulations and enforcement.9 Tyson Foods, Inc. has processing plants in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, 6 Barrett 2002a. 7 www.tysonfoods.com/who we are/our story. 8 2018 numbers for land animals: slaughtered for meat and 2107 numbers for aquatic animals: . 9 The CAFO terminology is potentially misleading as there is much more that happens on factory farms than animal feeding. 86 Ethics and Animals Published online by Cambridge University Press Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela. Smithfield Foods, which was acquired by the Hong Kong based WH group in 2013, has factory farming operations globally. JBS is one of the top five animal processing companies in the United States and is owned by the worlds largest slaughterer of cows and pigs, JBS S. A. in Brazil. In addition to destroying billions of animals annually, factory farms damage the quality of life in the communities in which they are located. In 2005 The Chicago Tribune reported that in Poland, a Smithfield subsidiary was operating a large pig factory farm in the town of Wieckowice. The report claimed that the waste from the pigs was being disposed of near the local school, causing students to vomit and faint. The company changed the location of the waste to the other end of its property, closer to a lake, but then local residents complained that the water smelled odd and that their children who swam in the lake were developing eye infections.10 After Hurricane Florence hit North Carolina in 2018, killing over 3 million chickens and thousands of pigs, residents were worried about the flooding of manure lagoons. North Carolina is home to around 10 million pigs and the waste they produce is stored in giant lagoons. Thirty-three lagoons over- flowed from the storm, discharging tons of hog feces into the surrounding area.11 While the quality of life for people living near factory farms is degraded by their presence, life for animals on factory farms is devoid of all quality. Their lives are full of pain, fear, and frustration until they are slaughtered. Living and Dying on Factory Farms In a technological trade magazine article extolling the virtues of high-tech industrial animal production, the journey of one Tyson chicken, from birth to death, is told from his point of view. It reads: It all started nearly 50 days ago when I poked my egg tooth out of my shell. In just a couple of hours, I was on a truck from the hatchery to the grow-out farm where I would spend the next 46 days of my life. At the farm, I was quickly unloaded and put into a house with about 20,000 other chicks … For 10 Hundley 2005. 11 Graff 2018. Eating Animals 87 Published online by Cambridge University Press the first five days, the lights were kept on around the clock. There was nothing else to do… [Content truncated to 3000 words]