Category: International affairs / relations

you will read the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), arguably the most important international human rights document in the history of the world. You will also read an article by Ronald Osborn which argues that Christianity was essential to the emergence of the very concept at the center of this declaration. Finally, the Nau textbook describes some of the efforts the international community has made to uphold and promote human rights globally. In a 400-500 word essay, please address the following questions:

• Is there such a thing as “universal human rights”? How have Christian ethical teachings contributed to the emergence of the idea of human rights?
• Is the effort to protect such rights globally a worthwhile and realistic pursuit?

All submissions should be double-spaced, in 12-point Times New Roman font, and should have a title page that includes the word count for the paper. Use parenthetical citations with page numbers (if available) when referring to any sources, including the textbook.

Please include at least one Biblical reference i.e. Scripture from the Bible

The link for the work by Osborn is found on hedgehogreview.com full link here —> https://hedgehogreview.com/issues/the-body-in-question/articles/the-great-subversion-the-scandalous-origins-of-human-rights

The weekly write-up should contain: A summary of all assigned readings for the module A brief analysis of the readings (can be personal opinion, connections, challenges) Key cases found in the readings Key takeaways, including standards or rules from cases, key definitions/vocabulary/concepts A question or comment pertaining to the lecture posted this week The write-up should serve as a reference guide for future use, allowing you to easily re-reference readings or concepts as you prepare for the final exam and continue your education in international law, thereby establishing a solid foundational knowledge. Please use proper citations for any direct quotes or material not original to you. Any version is acceptable so long as it is correct. All weekly write-ups are subject to Turn-it-in plagiarism detection software.

Position paper #1 Topic is Based on: Ch.2 Classical Realism Q. Take a position on the following, which group account of human nature and the nature of international relations and war is more compelling: Group (A)Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Machiavelli or Group (B) Clausewitz, E. H. Carr, and Morgenthau. In your answer explain the account of human nature, power and war according to each member in the group and take a position on which group providing compelling explanation of politics and war in the aggregate. ————— The essay/paper must be at least 1000 words in length stating your position. Please state your position on the topic clearly in the introductory paragraph of your essay. Watch instructional video on how to write a position-paper Writing a Position Paper A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening to. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to address the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides. Issue Criteria: To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the plausibility of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument: 1. Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty? 2. Can you distinctly identify two positions? 3. Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions? 4. Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable? Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument: Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Listing out the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides. Supporting evidence includes the following: 1. Factual Knowledge – Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone. 2. Statistical Inferences – Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts. 3. Informed Opinion – Opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim. 4. Personal Testimony – Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party. Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side by side. Considering your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the position you will take. In considering the audience, ask yourself the following questions: Who is your audience? What do they believe? Where do they stand on the issue? How are their interests involved? What evidence is likely to be effective with them? In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following: Is your topic interesting? Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor? Does your topic assert something specific and propose a plan of action? Do you have enough material to support your opinion? Organization: Your introduction should lead up to a thesis that organizes the rest of your paper. There are three advantages to leading with the thesis: 1. The audience knows where you stand. 2. The thesis is located in the two strongest places, first and last. 3. It is the most common form of academic argument used. Sample Outline for a Position Paper I. Introduction A. Introduce the topic B. Provide background on the topic C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue) II. Counter Argument A. Summarize the counterclaims B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims C. Refute the counterclaims D. Give evidence for argument III. Your Argument A. Assert point #1 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support B. Assert point #2 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support C. Assert point #3 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support IV. Conclusion A. Restate your argument B. Provide a plan of action Due on Feb 19, 2026 11:59 PM Available on Feb 10, 2026 12:01 AM. Access restricted before availability starts. Available until Feb 19, 2026 11:59 PM. Access restricted after availability ends. Submit Text submission This has to be base on this two videos, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O08pfKnRXlU&t=7s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pav4shgLkOo&t=7s

Position paper #1 Topic is Based on: Ch.2 Classical Realism Q. Take a position on the following, which group account of human nature and the nature of international relations and war is more compelling: Group (A)Thucydides, Sun Tzu, and Machiavelli or Group (B) Clausewitz, E. H. Carr, and Morgenthau. In your answer explain the account of human nature, power and war according to each member in the group and take a position on which group providing compelling explanation of politics and war in the aggregate. ————— The essay/paper must be at least 1000 words in length stating your position. Please state your position on the topic clearly in the introductory paragraph of your essay. Watch instructional video on how to write a position-paper Writing a Position Paper A position paper presents an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and worth listening to. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to address the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides. Issue Criteria: To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the plausibility of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument: 1. Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty? 2. Can you distinctly identify two positions? 3. Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions? 4. Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable? Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument: Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Listing out the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides. Supporting evidence includes the following: 1. Factual Knowledge – Information that is verifiable and agreed upon by almost everyone. 2. Statistical Inferences – Interpretation and examples of an accumulation of facts. 3. Informed Opinion – Opinion developed through research and/or expertise of the claim. 4. Personal Testimony – Personal experience related by a knowledgeable party. Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side by side. Considering your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the position you will take. In considering the audience, ask yourself the following questions: Who is your audience? What do they believe? Where do they stand on the issue? How are their interests involved? What evidence is likely to be effective with them? In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following: Is your topic interesting? Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor? Does your topic assert something specific and propose a plan of action? Do you have enough material to support your opinion? Organization: Your introduction should lead up to a thesis that organizes the rest of your paper. There are three advantages to leading with the thesis: 1. The audience knows where you stand. 2. The thesis is located in the two strongest places, first and last. 3. It is the most common form of academic argument used. Sample Outline for a Position Paper I. Introduction A. Introduce the topic B. Provide background on the topic C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue) II. Counter Argument A. Summarize the counterclaims B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims C. Refute the counterclaims D. Give evidence for argument III. Your Argument A. Assert point #1 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support B. Assert point #2 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support C. Assert point #3 of your claims 1. Give your opinion 2. Provide support IV. Conclusion A. Restate your argument B. Provide a plan of action Base on this two youtube videos: 1. 2.

assignment: essay writing word limit: 800-1000 words topic: the effectiveness of international aid in reducing poverty should include: 1 introduction, 2 paragraphs for the body, and conclusion. back up arguments with citations. use the Harvard referencing method

This assignment is a take-home essay assignment of 2 questions, 3 pages each, to test knowledge and assimilation of the course objectives. The exclusive use of required texts and readings from this course is mandatory. Please follow all instructions below. Question 1: After reading your course materials, what are the three most important mechanisms for applying principles of truth and reconciliation at the local community level? You may wish to revisit the case study on Northern Ireland in Week 7 as support for your arguments. Provide examples to reinforce your main points. Question 2: Should the US intervene in humanitarian crises in which there is no imminent danger to US interests? Give three arguments for or against based on principles of intervention and non-intervention as outlined in the Week 8 readings, and include case studies that provide models or illustrate your points. Please present your work as a Word document, remembering to double-space and put your name and a title on the paper. You should also put your name on the file, then upload it here in Assignments no later than 11:55pm ET on Sunday, Week Three. Important: Please present only one Word document with this assignment. Reproduce each question at the beginning of your essay so that it is obvious which question you are answering. Make sure to include a thesis statement in the first paragraph that addresses the question thoroughly. Papers presented with no indication of the questions’ being answered will be returned. General Instructions for Assignments All assignments should be written in Word and uploaded as attachments within the Assignments section of the classroom. Use 12 pt. font and double-space. Be sure to put your name and class information on the document and put your name on the file. Insert page numbers. Citation style is Chicago 16th Author-Date. In-text citations to the readings should be included (as applicable).

1) It should be a 15-page (approximately, including the bibliography) double-spaced paper in Word format, and the font should be Times New Roman 12. Since the required length of the paper is approximate, papers from 11-12 pages to 17-18 pages are acceptable.

2) Besides an actual title, the paper should be divided in sections (introduction, literature review, etc.) with titles.

3) There is no need to annotate your bibliography at the end. You just need to add a list of references (books, journal articles, newspapers articles, Internet sources, etc.) with a full citation. You can choose the citation format that you like as long as you are consistent.

4) In-text citations should be in parenthesis with authors last name, year of publication, and page number(s): Examples (Waltz 1979, 24) or (Mearsheimer 2001, 50-51). If it is an Internet source or newspaper article, just author and date.

5) If you cite Internet sources (including newspapers articles), please provide the url link in the list of references.

6) Although a few short ones could be useful, please avoid long direct quotes (it is better to paraphrase).

) The form: an analytical brief, as informative as possible, presumable submitted to a decision maker in charge of policy planning. A plain text is recommended although you may add figures, graphs or tables. List of the sources of information, or bibliography (literature, media, reports etc) should be attached.

2) The Structure:

a) origins, background (social, political, ethnic/religious, economic) and motivations;

b) organization (structure, leadership)

c) modus operandi (modes of activities, equipment, area/scope of action)

d) most spectacular terrorist actions

e) in conclusion, prospects, trends in an organisation’s activity.

3) The Size: 2,500 words (bibliography not included)

Sonnenkrieg Division

) The form: an analytical brief, as informative as possible, presumable submitted to a decision maker in charge of policy planning. A plain text is recommended although you may add figures, graphs or tables. List of the sources of information, or bibliography (literature, media, reports etc) should be attached.

2) The Structure:

a) origins, background (social, political, ethnic/religious, economic) and motivations;

b) organization (structure, leadership)

c) modus operandi (modes of activities, equipment, area/scope of action)

d) most spectacular terrorist actions

e) in conclusion, prospects, trends in an organisation’s activity.

3) The Size: 2,500 words (bibliography not included)

Sonnenkrieg Division

International Company: Prada Foreign/ Host Country: South Korea The assignment is to be submitted as a Word document with Times New Romans font, size 12 with a one-inch margin, and double-spaced. The written submission should be between 4 to 5 pages for Part 1. These exclude cover page and references. Your cover page shall include Name of Course (IBS 2201), name of international company selection and the host country as well as the submission date. paper shall include a Reference list (in APA 7th edition format and listed alphabetically). See attached for Summary of APA Guide and examples for proper APA referencing and in-text citations