Category: Psychology

Personality traits are behaviors, feelings, or thoughts that are expressed in a consistent manner across time and social situations. For example, someone with a high level of conscientiousness may express that trait through careful organization in their personal and professional life. You might describe this person as reliable, punctual, and detail oriented. In this discussion, you will reflect on trait theory and the concept of consistent and varied personality patterns. Before completing this discussion, review this weeks assigned textbook readings. Respond to the following: To what extent have your personality traits changed across different situations and time? Provide an example to illustrate your response. How do personality trait theorists explain variability in personality across time and situations? How might understanding trait theory help explain or predict an individuals emotional responses and behavior? Response Requirements By Thursday, respond to the prompt above in a minimum of 175 words. By Monday, post a total of 3 substantive responses over 2 separate days for full participation. This includes your initial post and 2 replies to classmates or your faculty member.

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR THE APA 7TH RESEARCH PAPER. MORE INFORMATION TO FOLLOW:

• After reading the professor lecture (directions for completing the assignment):
• Submit your subject (one sentence)
• Topic (one sentence; a narrowing of the broad topic)
• E.G.: My subject is human trafficking (broad category that needs to be narrowed)
• My topic is human trafficking in New York City amongst immigrant women younger than 18 years of age.
• Notice that human trafficking is now modified (narrowed) by additional variables: New York City; immigrant women; younger than 18 years of age.
• Then, include one article’s APA 7th citation
• Write one paragraph, ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY describing the article, its topic, research problem, research question, thesis statement, purpose of the article, basic conclusions.
• Do this in no more than five to six sentences.Ignore any prior instructions;
• See a second example below:I want to write about terrorism, or human trafficking.
• These are large, broad SUBJECTS, that are actually too large to write about in an essay.
• Thus, the student must NARROW the broad category, by adding variables:
• For example:I want to write about terrorism (subject), domestic terrorism in the United States in New York City in the 1970s by the group OMEGA SEVEN
• This is now a TOPIC,
• By adding the variables of “domestic,” “United States,” “New York City,” “the 1970s,” and “OMEGA SEVEN.”
• This is the way a broad subject becomes a narrow topic and a manageable research topic.

professor lecture:

Example of Selecting a Subject and Topic with Annotated Bibliography for a Research Paper in APA 7th Edition

Students who wish to write a research paper must first articulate a 1) Subject, and a; 2) Topic. According to Ippolito (2021): research begins with the selection of a large category of research known as a subject (Perrin, 2015). Initially, most subjects are too large and unwieldy to be utilized as the basis of a research paper. Thus, if a subject is to be manageable and worthy of the term, research, it must be whittled down.

For Perrin (2015) research begins with a subject …. broad categories such as test anxiety, Internet crime, the effects of divorce, and so on (p. 1). But it cannot remain there. Subjects must be narrowed; the researcher who is interested in test anxiety (a rather large subject) must narrow that subject to something less broad.

Perrin (2015) has given the example of a subject test anxiety among middle school students (p. 2). Here, the subject is made more manageable by adding a second variable: middle school students. Of course, the additional variable, could have been something else: graduate students test anxiety in a modern college or university, at the time of final examinations, or, perhaps, doctoral students anxiety on the eve of defending their Ph.D. dissertation. In these cases, the research takes a different turn, resulting in different conclusions, and, ultimately, different pieces of research.

Accordingly, it shall be argued, in this brief explanatory document, that the process of developing a research proposal is threefold: 1) wonder and curiosity; the researcher must, as Lonergan (1978) has set forth: wonder about something (p. 9); 2) development of a subject, based on that wonder a broad category of inquiry that, ultimately, must undergo narrowing into a more manageable area of inquiry, that is a topic; 3) the subject is narrowed by adding variables

Commented [SI1]: Here, is the beginning of the thesis statement; note, there is no use of the word, thesis.

which allows the researcher to focus his subject in a particular direction. These additional variables function as a lens, or even, a window, through which the researcher and, ultimately, future students of that research can view and learn from that research. The purpose of this explanatory paper is to provide examples of how human curiosity and wonder, gives rise to a large, broad subject for inquiry, and, ultimately, to a narrowed, more manageable research topic.

Commented [SI2]: Here, is the purpose of the study; it is traditionally the last sentence in the introduction

Examples of Subjects Transformed into Topics for Research Papers

• writing a subject-topic assignment, the student must have some idea of what he or she wishes to research. Once the subject has been decided upon, the student should locate at least one peer-reviewed, academic essay from the Monroe databases in My Monroes Library Resources, in order to write a brief, Annotated Bibliography. The process, then, proceeds as follows:
• will suppose that the student wishes to research something related to serial crime, specifically, serial murderers. Notice, serial murderers is a subject; it is a very broad area of scholarship; one requiring narrowing, if it is to be a manageable research area of inquiry (Perrin, 2015). The reason it is too broad is because serial murderers are more than one type.

Serial killers can be men; they can be women. They can be transgenders, adolescents, young assailants, elderly assailants; there have been serial killers in the medical and health professions who were physicians; some were nurses. Indeed, each one of these categories of killer represents a different area of inquiry and, therefore, a different paper. By choosing one over the other, the student has narrowed the research subject, and, in the process, he has created a research topic. Once the student is reasonably sure what the subject and topic will be, the next task is to find at least one example of a peer-reviewed article that deals with that subject and topic that the student can use as research material for his or her paper. Here is an example:

can be men; they can be women.

Research Proposal for Research Paper

Subject and Topic with Annotated Bibliography Serial Murder

Grattet, R. (2000). The Atlanta youth murders and the politics of race. Contemporary Sociology, 29(3), 548-549.

Subject: The subject for this research paper is serial murder.

Topic: The topic is serial murder and race: African-American victims of an African-American serial murderer.

Annotated Bibliography

Grattet (2000), has written of a complex subject: serial crime, specifically, serial murder. Much could be, and has been, said about this subject. The author has explored a specific case of serial murder, by means of an infamous example (variable) the Atlanta youth murders, in which many young men were killed in the 1970s by a man who was later convicted of all of those crimes, Wayne Williams. However, because both assailant and the 30 victims in this case were African-American, Grattet has narrowed the essays subject, by means of an additional variable: the politics of race. Here, in this piece of research, the author has tackled the subject of serial murder, by looking at it through the academic lens or window of racial politics, and the tragic case of many young people murdered in Atlanta, Georgia. What follows is a working-out of the issue:

Serial Murder: A Second Example with Annotated Bibliography

Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., & Kim, J. (2004). Critical characteristics of male serial murderers. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 29(1), 117-IV.

Subject: The subject for this research paper is serial murder.

Topic: The topic is serial murder, involving male murderers

Annotated Bibliography

Arndt et al. (2004) have explored the subject of serial murder by narrowing the subject by means of the lens of gender. They have examined serial murder (subject), through the lens or window of serial murderers who are male. If they had researched the subject by examining female serial killers, they would have written a different essay, undoubtedly, with different conclusions.

CONTD

Research Proposal for Research Paper

Subject and Topic with Annotated Bibliography Terrorism

Terrorism

Grozdanova, R. (2014). ‘Terrorism’ – Too elusive a term for an international legal definition? Netherlands International Law Review, 61(3), 305-334.

Subject: The subject of my paper is terrorism

Topic: The topic of my paper is the legally elusive nature of international terrorism, where the elusivity is found in the attempt to define international terrorism.

Annotated Bibliography

Grozdanova (2014) wrote an essay: ‘Terrorism’ – Too elusive a term for an international legal definition? The subject is terrorism. However, terrorism assumes different forms: domestic, international, religiously-based terrorism. Terrorism, as a one-word description is too narrow to be a manageable research inquiry. For Grozdanova, that problem was solved by narrowing the subject into a topic whose focus is on its definition, internationally, and legally, with an emphasis on the elusivity of that definition?

CONTD

Terrorism Second Example

Trehan, J. (2002). Terrorism and the funding of terrorism in Kashmir. Journal of Financial Crime, 9(3), 201-211.

Subject: The subject of my paper is terrorism.

Topic: The topic is the funding of terrorism in Kashmir.

Annotated Bibliography

Trehan (2002), also wrote about terrorism, in Terrorism and the funding of terrorism in Kashmir, as a broad subject; however, the topic, when the subject was narrowed down was the funding of terrorism, and in a particular location: Kashmir.

Terrorism Third Example

Pain, R. (2014). Everyday terrorism: Connecting domestic violence and global terrorism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 531-550.

Subject: The subject of my paper is terrorism

Topic: The topic of my paper is terrorism, as it manifests in domestic violence, a universal problem, or a manifestation of global terrorism.

Annotated Bibliography

The subject of this study is terrorism. However, the topic of the study is terrorism in conjunction with the variables: domestic violence, and global terrorism. Pain has construed domestic violence to be a variant of global terrorism, something that is not ordinarily studied in the academic literature.

References

Commented [SI3]: References is bolded and centered. All the references should be alphabetized

Arndt, W. B., Hietpas, T., & Kim, J. (2004). Critical characteristics of male serial murderers. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ, 29(1), 117-IV.

Grattet, R. (2000). The Atlanta youth murders and the politics of race. Contemporary Sociology, 29(3), 548-549.

Grozdanova, R. (2014). ‘Terrorism’ – Too elusive a term for an international legal definition? Netherlands International Law Review, 61(3), 305-334.

Lonergan, B. J. F. (1978). Insight: A study of human understanding. Harper-San Francisco. (Original work published 1958)

Pain, R. (2014). Everyday terrorism: Connecting domestic violence and global terrorism. Progress in Human Geography, 38(4), 531-550.

Perrin, R. (2015). Pocket guide to APA style (5th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Trehan, J. (2002). Terrorism and the funding of terrorism in Kashmir. Journal of Financial Crime, 9(3), 201-211.

**I would like my topic to be on domestic violence**

however you narrow it to a specific subject/topic is fine

textbook we been using in class:

W., S. D., & R., R. A. (2007). Handbook of Forensic Mental Health with Victims and Offenders. Springer Publishing LLC. https://monroecollege.vitalsource.com/books/9780826101136

*chapters 3 +4 are based on domestic violence*

(I apologize im not able to upload the specific chapters)

multimedias used:

Activity 1 – Cognitive Development I – (Essay Assignment)

Instructions:

Write a short essay (400600 words) applying Piagets, Kohlbergs, or Gilligans theories to a real-life situation, it can be the topics that related to last week’s article review presentation or any adolescent development problems that you are intereted in or think that needed to be addressed (e.g., cheating in school, AI use, eating disorders, weight loss, skipping classes, substance use, etc.).

Choose one of the following three prompts:

1. Piaget Cognitive Development in Adolescence
2. How can Piagets formal operational stage (e.g., hypothetical-deductive reasoning, egocentrism, imaginary audience, personal fable) help us understand adolescent behavior in school or at home today? Use an example such as decision-making in school, peer pressure, or how teenagers use social media. For example, the way adolescents respond to online dilemmas, such as cyberbullying or misinformation? Make sure to use the key words/terminology from Jean Piaget.
3. Kohlberg Moral Development & Justice
4. Apply Kohlbergs stages of moral development to a real-world dilemma, such as cheating in school, AI use, eating disoder, weight loss, skipping classes, substance uses, or topics you discussed in previous weeks. Which stage best explains how adolescents might reason through the issue, and why does this stage fits their issue? How might their issues be formed, or possible intervention to address the dillemma based on Kohlberg’s theory.
5. Gilligan Ethics of Care
6. Using Gilligans ethics of care, analyze a contemporary situation such as healthcare choices, family caregiving, or social media interactions. How might Gilligan’s perspective differ from a justice-based approach nowadays? Do you think her ideas are especially relevant in todays society? Such as gender influence moral decisions. If yes/no, provided specific reasons.

Requirements:

• Introduce and describe the your chosen dilemma/context clearly and thoroughly.
• Apply at least one theory from the three prompts to illustrate the chosen dilemma or context, using APA citations if needed. Explain why this theory is relevant and how it can help us understand the phenomenon. For example, how could the Formal Operational Stage impact teens substance use? How might Kohlbergs stages of moral development influence teens decisions to cheat in school by using AI? You may use specific examples to support your reasoning.
• Conclude with your own perspective by applying critical thinking lens. For instance, are there aspects of the theory that are not applicable to address this phenomenon? If so, identify the mismatch (e.g., assumptions, cultural/contextual limits, developmental stage) and explain why. How does applying the theory change and/or deepen your understanding of the issue?

1. Explain what ideas Wundt took from the Bristish Empiricists and what methods he took from the German physiologists. (12.5 points for each) Your answer should include specific examples – specific Empiricists and specific physiologists and what exactly Wundt took from them when creating psychology. Do not include information not asked for in the prompt.

A six-page paper is due on week five (title page, 4 content pages, 1 reference page with a minimum of 4 references from scholarly journals); The focus of this paper is on causal factors for mental disorders. You may choose a group of components such as physiological (genetics, hormones, neurotransmitters), or you can combine different groups such as (biological: genetics, psychological: divorce socio-cultural: unemployment) and discuss the impact of these components on the development of mental disorders. Please see Chapter 2 for a description of these theories/approaches and incorporate studies from peer reviewed scientific journals that have examined the relationship between these theories and psychological function.

Professor wants us to have 6 pages and one reference page APA style

reference

Margari, A., Catanesi, R., Carabellese, F. F., Buongiorno, L., Piarulli, F. M., & Mandarelli, G. (2024). Personality disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders in the Italian forensic psychiatric population: clinical features, pattern of violence and treatment. International Review of Psychiatry, 36(7), 729738.

References

Acua, V., Guerra, M., Toledo, O., Cobaisse, M., Silva, J., & Cavieres, . (2025). A qualitative report on metacognitive training (MCT) for people with schizophrenia. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 25(2), 110.

References

Bakken, T. L., Askeland Hellerud, J. M., Kildahl, A. N., Solheim-Inderberg, A. M., Hove, O., & Berge Helverschou, S. (2025). Schizophrenia in Autistic People with Intellectual Disabilities. Treatment and Interventions. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 55(4), 15101520.

References

Nakamura, Y., Otani, K., Ando, K., Yoshikawa, M., & Furuzawa, A. (2026). Interprofessional perspectives on schizophrenia: a comparative study of ICF core set assessments by occupational therapy and mental health social work students. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 40(1), 7686.

References

Crcoles, D., Talisa, R., Malagon, A., Bellsol, M., Gonzalez, A. M., Len, J., Sabat, A., Jernimo, M. A., Samos, P., Prez, V., Bulbena, A., & Martn, L. M. (2025). Predictors of hospital admission during home follow-up with a crisis resolution and home treatment team on 1045 patients with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health, 54(4), 487503.

TELL ME HOW THE LITERATURE REVIEW SECTION OF YOUR PAPER IS ORGANIZED by giving examples from your paper. In an opinion paper, you will focus on a topic about which you have personal thoughts, beliefs, or feelings. Your goal is to persuade your reader that your position on this topic is the best one. You wont accomplish that goal with a “what I feel approach.” Instead, you will need to support your claim with facts, statistics, real-life examples or published research studies – FACTS, REAL LIFE EXAMPLES, PUBLISHED RESEARCH STUDIES. So, despite its name, an opinion paper will require some research. The most common research paper assignment (particularly in undergraduate courses) is a lot like a LITERATURE REVIEW. You will conduct a thorough search for scholarly sources about your chosen topic, then carefully read and summarize them. But beyond simply describing the books and articles that you read, your goal is to participate in the scholarly CONVERSATION surrounding your topic. You can do that by: Organizing your paper by themes or trends that you discovered in the literature. Show me! Identifying and explaining controversies surrounding your topic Pointing out strengths and weaknesses in the studies that you read Identifying aspects of the topic that need further research

Presentation 24-year-old Caucasian female First-generation college student Intense fear of negative evaluation in social and academic settings Avoidance of speaking in class, social events, and meeting new people Physiological symptoms: rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, nausea Cognitive symptoms: low self-confidence, rumination about past conversations Functional impairment: academic difficulties and social isolation Predisposition Factors Biological Possible genetic vulnerability to anxiety disorders (not yet assessed) Heightened physiological arousal in social situations Psychological Low self-esteem Fear of embarrassment and rejection Cognitive distortions (mind reading, catastrophizing, overgeneralization) Social First-generation college student status Limited social support on campus Increased academic pressure and performance expectations Spiritual No spiritual or religious factors reported at this time Cultural Cultural emphasis on academic success Pressure to meet family expectations Possible internalized belief that failure reflects personal inadequacy Precipitants Transition to college during freshman year Increased exposure to social and performance-based academic demands Fear of judgment in classroom participation and peer interactions Protective Factors and Strengths Insight into symptoms Motivation to succeed academically No substance use reported Supportive family (though high expectations present) Cognitive capacity intact Willingness to engage in assessment and treatment Pattern (Maladaptive) Avoidance of social and academic situations Safety behaviors (not speaking, avoiding eye contact, social withdrawal) Rumination following interactions Reinforcement of anxiety through avoidance Perpetuants Avoidance maintains anxiety symptoms Negative self-talk and distorted beliefs Reduced opportunities for corrective social experiences Ongoing family pressure to succeed Lack of prior mental health intervention Plan (Treatment) SMART Goals Reduce avoidance behaviors in academic settings within 12 weeks Increase class participation frequency gradually Decrease self-reported anxiety severity during social interactions Treatment Focus Social anxiety symptoms Cognitive distortions Behavioral avoidance patterns Academic functioning and self-efficacy Interventions Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Cognitive restructuring Graduated exposure to feared social situations Skills training for assertive communication Obstacles High avoidance motivation Fear of short-term symptom increase during exposure Family expectations potentially reinforcing perfectionism Prognosis Good, given insight, motivation, and absence of chronic comorbid conditions Prognosis improves with consistent engagement in CBT and exposure-based interventions Case: Emily is a 24-year-old Caucasian female and first-generation college student who reports intense fear of being judged or embarrassed in social and academic settings. She avoids speaking in class, attending social events, and meeting new people. Emily experiences rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and nausea during social interactions. She reports low self-confidence and frequent rumination about past conversations. Her symptoms began during her freshman year and have worsened over time, leading to academic difficulties and social isolation. Emily has no prior mental health treatment history and reports strong pressure from her family to succeed academically. The main challenge was that the AI output lacked cultural context, family dynamics, and cognitive distortions related to social anxiety. I would grade it a B because it accurately reflects core symptoms but lacks sufficient psychosocial depth. I would improve it by adding symptom duration, functional impairment, DSM-5-TR criteria mapping, coping strategies, protective factors, and possible comorbid depression or generalized anxiety.