Category: Religion and theology

Using Johnsons book, Rooted Leadership, chapters 1-11, and the module watch item, Gods

View on Leadership Competency, write an essay reflecting on Johnsons view of leadership.

Items to include are outlined as follows:

Length of assignment must be a minimum of 2,000 words. There is no maximum word

count.

Paper must include 3 separate headings: Introduction, Content, and Conclusion. The

introduction must include a thesis statement that is clear and concise.

Paper must include a title page, content page, footnotes, and bibliography.

Format of assignment (Turabian).

Number of citations: 5 scholarly sources in addition to the course textbooks cited and

biblical integrations.

Choose one to write about

options: (1) Karen Armstrong, A History of God; (2) Don Miguel Ruiz, The Four

Agreements; (3) John ODonahue, Anam Cara; (4) Robert A. Johnson, Balancing Heaven

and Earth; (5) Harold Kushner, How Good Do We Have to Be; or (6) Living a Life that

Matters; or (7) Overcoming Lifes Disappointments; (8) Thomas Moore, Care of the Soul;

(9) Jack Kornfield, A Path with Heart; or (10) The Wise Heart; (11) Phillip Moffitt,

Dancing with Life; (12) Ernest Kurtz and Katherine Ketchum, The Spirituality of

Imperfection; (13) David Wolfe, Why Faith Matters; (14) Johann Hari, Lost

Connections; (15) Barbara Brown Taylor, Holy Envy; or (16) An Altar in the World;

(17) Yu Dan, Confucius from the Heart: Ancient Wisdom for Todays World

Write an reflection paper for one of the following.

Do not pick The four agreements by Don Miguel Ruiz or the Holy Envy by Barbara brown Taylor Thanks

Week 5 – A Movement Goes Global

As we’re moving into Week 5, I hope that you’re starting to get a sense of how and why the message of health has been such an integral element of the Seventh-day Adventist presence. We started with a large contingent of health related work, which combined our belief in an imminent Second Coming, but also allowed for healing to be something that begins in the present, anticipating the final healing of the future. With these elements in place, the chapters you’re going to be reading for this week will combine a view of how that message expanded and became international in a big way. We’ll be reading through the Robinson text, which again is a very rosy picture of things, but also allows for the diversity of thinking that was present in the international expansion projects. We’ll also be getting some first hand accounts from early 20th century medical missionaries, who were part of this expansion. Some of them may be known to long-time Adventists, but I’m hoping that we can also find relevance in how they describe their mission and purpose within these diversifying times.

Robinson – Ch 22, 24-25 – The Message moves to a global audience. – Robinson Ch 22-25 – The Story of our Health Message.pdf

Download Robinson Ch 22-25 – The Story of our Health Message.pdf

1. Early 19th-century medicine often focused strictly on the physical administration of drugs. However, the sources suggest that a “Christian physician” should extend efforts to the “diseases of the mind” and the “saving of the soul”. Based on this, how does the 19th-century Adventist view of a doctor differ from a strictly secular “drug-based” practitioner of that era?

2. Dr. Peter Parker, a missionary to China in 1834, found that his skill as a physician gave him “access to multitudes of people” that traditional theology could not reach. In a historical context where many nations were closed to Western religion, why was medical “healing art” considered the most effective “pioneer work” for opening new territories? Is this necessarily a colonial aspect to the mission of the church, or is there a greater philosophy at work?

3. Dr. J.H. Kellogg argued that Adventist medical work should be “undenominational” and “independent of any sectarian or denominational control” to better serve humanity. Conversely, Ellen White warned that concealing the “peculiar characteristics of our faith” to gain patronage was a “danger”. How does this debate reflect the tension between professional medical standards and religious mission at the turn of the century? Is religious-based health practice fundamentally connected to issues of faith, or would it be better to abandon such connections?

4. By 1901, the International Medical Missionary and Benevolent Association employed more people (over 1,700 physicians, nurses, and helpers) than the entire General Conference. How did the financial and personnel “strength” of the medical branch create an “impediment to united action” within the church organization?

5. The General Conference was reorganized to include representatives from “all lines of our work,” including sanitariums and educational institutions. Why was it necessary to move from the “wisdom and power” of a few men to a committee that included medical professionals? Could it have been done differently, or better, based on where things eventually progressed?

ESDA Articles – International Medical Sanitariums –

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1. Robinson describes medical missionary work as “pioneer work” that provides access to people where traditional ministry might not. In Paraguay, the work began with nurse Mateo Leytes serving as the private masseur for the countrys president. How does Leytes’ experience illustrate the Adventist concept of the medical work as an “entering wedge,” and what are the strategic advantagesand potential risksof a religious movement gaining influence through the physical care of a nation’s elite?

2. The Asuncion Sanitarium currently participates in complex national transplant programs while simultaneously promoting the “Eight Natural Remedies” and “Healthy Vegetarian Cooking Schools”. Based on Robinsons description of the “combined ministry for soul and body,” how does a modern institution balance high-tech medical science with the traditional Adventist emphasis on simple natural laws?

3. Robinson highlights a tension where medical leaders often sought to be “independent of any sectarian or denominational control”. In South Africa, the sanitariums decline was partly attributed to doctors building “private practices” rather than focusing on the institutional mission. Why was the shift from institutional loyalty to private practice seen as “detrimental” to the Adventist mission, and how does this reflect the broader conflict between professional medical careerism and religious “self-sacrifice” discussed in Robinsons chapters?

4. Dr. Edgar Caros Summer Hill Sanitarium was initially “semi-autonomous,” modeled after Dr. Kelloggs increasingly independent Battle Creek system. Robinson discusses the “impediment to united action” when medical institutions become more powerful than the General Conference. How did the Summer Hill crisiswhere church leaders eventually voted the independent association out of existencedemonstrate the denomination’s struggle to keep the “right arm” attached to the “body” of the church?

5. Established in 1996, the Yeosu Sanitarium was a response to Korea’s “aging society” and an increase in “terminally ill patients”. Robinson notes that Adventist health reform was originally an “advance step” to awaken moral responsibility. How has the mission of Adventist sanitariums evolved from treating 19th-century “heroic medicine” victims to addressing modern “lifestyle diseases” like cancer, diabetes, and obesity?

6. The Yeosu hospital emphasizes its success in passing government certifications and accreditation assessments. Referring to Robinson’s account of the American Medical Missionary College seeking state board approval, how does the modern need for “government accreditation” complicate or support the Adventist goal of remaining a “distinct and peculiar people” in their medical practice?

Voices from the Past – Medical Missionaries speak – Pages from RH sept 12 1974 – report on health missions overseas.pdf

Download Pages from RH sept 12 1974 – report on health missions overseas.pdf

, Missions report – 1912.pdf,

Download Missions report – 1912.pdf,

1. How do the missions themselves seem to function on the ground? How are the higher ideals practiced, within the specific instances described?

2. How do the missionaries themselves seem to understand their goals? Do they generally align with the greater work of the church, or is it a new branch from the mission?

3. In looking backwards, how should we understand the present moment and our medical work within such religious institutions? Is there a religious ethos that should be met, or can/should we work independently from such concerns?

Week 4 – Expansion Across North America & Canada

As week dive into Week 4 of our studies, you’ll start to see how the message of health and healing becomes more and more a part of a wider expansion into health, from a variety of sources. As the Adventist church expands, the message of health is a natural point of contact beyond just holding tent meetings and evangelistic crusades. The over-arching goal was to obviously provide healthcare with a goal of providing healing in service of the gospel mission, but it also enabled communities of Adventists to work and learn and grow within stable environments that proceeded to provide education and employment beyond that of pastors or evangelists. For this week’s readings, you’ll have a chance to continue the story of Adventist health care through the Chapters in Robinson, who is clearly an advocate of the divine calling of the health message but also allows for a sense of growth and human evolution in the process. For a wider background on the specific institutions that are growing up through there, the second set of readings will let you explore three specific sanitariums that rose up across North America as a result of successful endeavors in Battle Creek by the Whites and Kellogg. And finally, your last reading will contain the founding document/statement of one of the sanitariums, which allows you to get a sense of how they themselves saw the mission of the health within the local context. Hopefully, this will allow you to sense not just the historical growth, but also the level of intentionality applied to this institution building that grew out of the White’s prophetic visions in the earlier part of the 19th century.

Be sure to form your answers around the questions beneath each reading!

Readings in Robinson – The Story of Our Health Message – Ch. 20-21 – Robinson – Ch 20-21.pdf

Download Robinson – Ch 20-21.pdf

1. In Chapter 20, Robinson details the founding of the “School of Hygiene” in 1878. Unlike modern nursing programs that often prioritize acute care in hospital settings, this early curriculum emphasized that “sickness is everywhere” and trained students to “educate the people” on preventing disease through hygiene and temperance. Based on the reading, how did this “sanitary” approach redefine the scope of nursing practice in the late 19th century? Do you believe the current nursing curriculum effectively balances this historical emphasis on prevention with the modern demand for cure?

2. The readings suggest a strategic tension between providing medical relief and advancing religious goals. The text states, “In no other way can we gain the confidence and gratitude of an individual so readily as by affording him relief in his distress”. Discuss the ethical and professional implications of using healthcare as a method to “remove prejudice” against a specific religious group. How did the early Adventist leadership reconcile the need for genuine, altruistic care with the explicit goal of “waking up minds” to the “third angel’s message”?

3. In Chapter 20, Dr. Kellogg argues that while established medical colleges in large cities were excellent for studying anatomy and clinical material, they suffered from a “universal lack of attention to hygiene”. Consequently, the Sanitarium established the “School of Hygiene” not to replace medical school, but to provide the preventative foundation that regular medicine ignored. As nursing students today, do you observe a similar gap in modern healthcare education? Does the current curriculum sufficiently bridge the gap between treating acute illness (anatomy/pathology) and preventing disease (hygiene/lifestyle), or is this historical critique still valid?

4. In Chapter 21, Ellen White provides a graphic description of the professional toll taken on physicians, describing them as often deprived of sleep, subject to “unmerited reproaches,” and “left to stand alone” against temptation and criticism. She argues that because of these pressures, the physician needs “divine wisdom” even more than the minister. Discuss the issue of provider burnout presented in this text. How do the “arduous duties” described in the 1880s mirror the challenges of nurse burnout and fatigue in the modern healthcare system, and what support systems (spiritual or otherwise) are necessary to sustain a career in caregiving?

Readings on ESDA – Sanitariums across North America –

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1. The readings detail the founding of the Oakwood Sanitarium, with Ellen White arguing that “the colored race should have the benefits of such an institution as verily as should the white people” and that the facility should not be “shoddy” or “contracted”. However, the article notes that the institution eventually closed in 1922 due to “many handicaps,” including a lack of funds and sufficiently trained personnel. Compare the challenges faced by Oakwood with the resources available to the Nebraska Sanitarium, which benefited from a large bequest and proximity to a major college. How does this historical example of resource disparity in segregated healthcare inform current discussions regarding funding and staffing in underserved communities?

2. Compare the founding economic models of the Iowa and Nebraska Sanitariums. The Iowa Sanitarium was established through grassroots efforts where members donated “cash and canned fruit” to fund the work, whereas the Nebraska Sanitarium benefited from a symbiotic relationship with Union College (sharing dormitories and labor) and a massive bequest from the K.G. Smith estate. Based on the eventual fate of these institutionswith Nebraska being reabsorbed by the college for housing and Iowa struggling to modernize before its destructiondiscuss the pros and cons of “grassroots” independence versus “institutional” integration.

3. The history of the Iowa Sanitarium ends tragically with a 1943 fire that destroyed the facility and resulted in the death of a baby. The article notes that the institution was underinsured (insured for $50,000 against $100,000 in damages) and, crucially, had “failed to modernize and become a hospital” prior to the disaster. Analyze the importance of institutional adaptability and risk management. How did the refusal or inability to transition from a “sanitarium” (focused on water cures and rest) to a modern “hospital” contribute to the obsolescence and ultimate closure of facilities like Iowa and Alberta?

4. The articles highlight a critical turning point in Adventist healthcare expansion: the transition from “sanitarium” to “hospital.” The text explicitly notes that the Iowa Sanitariums decline was partly due to the fact that it “failed to modernize and become a hospital,” clinging instead to the older model of “rational treatments” (hydrotherapy, diet, and rest). Evaluate the tension between maintaining a specific therapeutic method (the “Sanitarium” distinctives) and the pressure to expand into a modern acute-care facility. For a nursing administrator, at what point does adherence to a specific “method” of care become a liability? Could the Oakwood or Iowa institutions have survived if they had abandoned the “homelike,” educational sanitarium model earlier in favor of standard medical hospitalization?

Photo slideshow from the early Sanitarium Days –

1. Based on this short slideshow, and the things you’ve been reading so far, give a short impression of the why the growth of healthcare in this Seventh-day Adventist Church has survived so long, despite the shifting emphases over the decades? Why has it maintained it’s ability to balance both the spiritual as well as physical health of its patients over time? Does it still emphasize the spiritual aspects as much, or has that changed in the modern institutions in some significant ways?

Week 4 – Expansion Across North America & Canada

As week dive into Week 4 of our studies, you’ll start to see how the message of health and healing becomes more and more a part of a wider expansion into health, from a variety of sources. As the Adventist church expands, the message of health is a natural point of contact beyond just holding tent meetings and evangelistic crusades. The over-arching goal was to obviously provide healthcare with a goal of providing healing in service of the gospel mission, but it also enabled communities of Adventists to work and learn and grow within stable environments that proceeded to provide education and employment beyond that of pastors or evangelists. For this week’s readings, you’ll have a chance to continue the story of Adventist health care through the Chapters in Robinson, who is clearly an advocate of the divine calling of the health message but also allows for a sense of growth and human evolution in the process. For a wider background on the specific institutions that are growing up through there, the second set of readings will let you explore three specific sanitariums that rose up across North America as a result of successful endeavors in Battle Creek by the Whites and Kellogg. And finally, your last reading will contain the founding document/statement of one of the sanitariums, which allows you to get a sense of how they themselves saw the mission of the health within the local context. Hopefully, this will allow you to sense not just the historical growth, but also the level of intentionality applied to this institution building that grew out of the White’s prophetic visions in the earlier part of the 19th century.

Be sure to form your answers around the questions beneath each reading!

Readings in Robinson – The Story of Our Health Message – Ch. 20-21 – Robinson – Ch 20-21.pdf

Download Robinson – Ch 20-21.pdf

1. In Chapter 20, Robinson details the founding of the “School of Hygiene” in 1878. Unlike modern nursing programs that often prioritize acute care in hospital settings, this early curriculum emphasized that “sickness is everywhere” and trained students to “educate the people” on preventing disease through hygiene and temperance. Based on the reading, how did this “sanitary” approach redefine the scope of nursing practice in the late 19th century? Do you believe the current nursing curriculum effectively balances this historical emphasis on prevention with the modern demand for cure?

2. The readings suggest a strategic tension between providing medical relief and advancing religious goals. The text states, “In no other way can we gain the confidence and gratitude of an individual so readily as by affording him relief in his distress”. Discuss the ethical and professional implications of using healthcare as a method to “remove prejudice” against a specific religious group. How did the early Adventist leadership reconcile the need for genuine, altruistic care with the explicit goal of “waking up minds” to the “third angel’s message”?

3. In Chapter 20, Dr. Kellogg argues that while established medical colleges in large cities were excellent for studying anatomy and clinical material, they suffered from a “universal lack of attention to hygiene”. Consequently, the Sanitarium established the “School of Hygiene” not to replace medical school, but to provide the preventative foundation that regular medicine ignored. As nursing students today, do you observe a similar gap in modern healthcare education? Does the current curriculum sufficiently bridge the gap between treating acute illness (anatomy/pathology) and preventing disease (hygiene/lifestyle), or is this historical critique still valid?

4. In Chapter 21, Ellen White provides a graphic description of the professional toll taken on physicians, describing them as often deprived of sleep, subject to “unmerited reproaches,” and “left to stand alone” against temptation and criticism. She argues that because of these pressures, the physician needs “divine wisdom” even more than the minister. Discuss the issue of provider burnout presented in this text. How do the “arduous duties” described in the 1880s mirror the challenges of nurse burnout and fatigue in the modern healthcare system, and what support systems (spiritual or otherwise) are necessary to sustain a career in caregiving?

Readings on ESDA – Sanitariums across North America –

,

,

,

1. The readings detail the founding of the Oakwood Sanitarium, with Ellen White arguing that “the colored race should have the benefits of such an institution as verily as should the white people” and that the facility should not be “shoddy” or “contracted”. However, the article notes that the institution eventually closed in 1922 due to “many handicaps,” including a lack of funds and sufficiently trained personnel. Compare the challenges faced by Oakwood with the resources available to the Nebraska Sanitarium, which benefited from a large bequest and proximity to a major college. How does this historical example of resource disparity in segregated healthcare inform current discussions regarding funding and staffing in underserved communities?

2. Compare the founding economic models of the Iowa and Nebraska Sanitariums. The Iowa Sanitarium was established through grassroots efforts where members donated “cash and canned fruit” to fund the work, whereas the Nebraska Sanitarium benefited from a symbiotic relationship with Union College (sharing dormitories and labor) and a massive bequest from the K.G. Smith estate. Based on the eventual fate of these institutionswith Nebraska being reabsorbed by the college for housing and Iowa struggling to modernize before its destructiondiscuss the pros and cons of “grassroots” independence versus “institutional” integration.

3. The history of the Iowa Sanitarium ends tragically with a 1943 fire that destroyed the facility and resulted in the death of a baby. The article notes that the institution was underinsured (insured for $50,000 against $100,000 in damages) and, crucially, had “failed to modernize and become a hospital” prior to the disaster. Analyze the importance of institutional adaptability and risk management. How did the refusal or inability to transition from a “sanitarium” (focused on water cures and rest) to a modern “hospital” contribute to the obsolescence and ultimate closure of facilities like Iowa and Alberta?

4. The articles highlight a critical turning point in Adventist healthcare expansion: the transition from “sanitarium” to “hospital.” The text explicitly notes that the Iowa Sanitariums decline was partly due to the fact that it “failed to modernize and become a hospital,” clinging instead to the older model of “rational treatments” (hydrotherapy, diet, and rest). Evaluate the tension between maintaining a specific therapeutic method (the “Sanitarium” distinctives) and the pressure to expand into a modern acute-care facility. For a nursing administrator, at what point does adherence to a specific “method” of care become a liability? Could the Oakwood or Iowa institutions have survived if they had abandoned the “homelike,” educational sanitarium model earlier in favor of standard medical hospitalization?

Photo slideshow from the early Sanitarium Days –

1. Based on this short slideshow, and the things you’ve been reading so far, give a short impression of the why the growth of healthcare in this Seventh-day Adventist Church has survived so long, despite the shifting emphases over the decades? Why has it maintained it’s ability to balance both the spiritual as well as physical health of its patients over time? Does it still emphasize the spiritual aspects as much, or has that changed in the modern institutions in some significant ways?

This 3-5 page book review will be of David Alan Black’s textbook: Perspectives on the Ending of Mark: 4 Views. The book review should conform to the guidelines given and to the current edition of Truetts Christian Studies Turabians Style Guide and the Book Review Style sheet guide. Attached is the style guide for the book review.

Jainism has four branches, Digambaras, Shvetembaras, Sthanakavasis, and Teraphanthis. Choose one and elaborate upon its location and popularity in the world today, unique practices, beliefs, patterns of behavior, etc.

The essay needs to have at least three outside sources with a works cited page. Essays will be submitted online. They are to follow the guidelines of the Academic Writing Guide as well as the MLA or APA format provided in the Canvas module. Besides the writing guides, the mechanics of the essays are basically structured with title information in the upper left-hand corner on the first page (or a title page), typed using 12 pt. font, New Times Roman, double-spaced throughout with one-inch margins all around.