TOPIC : Healthcare Disparities o Description: Differences in health outcomes and care quality experienced by certain populations due to socioeconomic, racial, or geographic factors. o Interventions: Federal goals, policy changes, Triple Aim for populations, community health improvement plans, patient advocacy efforts, cultural competency training. o Keywords: Socioeconomic status, health disparities, health inequities, health equity, community health assessment, community health improvement plan, strategic planning, local health departments. – Articles should be published within the last five years. – Summarize each of the three current academic, peer-reviewed journal articles you chose, using the annotated bibliography organizational format. The purpose of an annotated bibliography is to document a list of references along with key information about each one. The detail about the reference is the annotation. Developing this annotated bibliography will create a foundation of knowledge about the selected topic. Be sure to complete this assessment’s Annotated Bibliography activity before starting this section. In your annotated bibliography: List each full reference in APA format, followed immediately by its annotation. Present your three current, annotated references in alphabetical order, according to the reference citation. Double-space each reference and format it with a hanging indent. Provide the full APA reference citation, including the author, date, title, publisher or publication, and any additional information required by APA style. Write the annotation (summary) for each citation in paragraph form, using approximately 150 words (or 13 paragraphs) for each annotation. Make sure to cite the article in your summary. Include the following components for each annotation: Identify the purpose of the article. Summarize the article. Include the conclusions and findings of the article. Ensure each article is relevant to your topic. 4. Summary In a separate paragraph or two at the end of the paper, summarize what you learned from the process of developing the annotated bibliography. 5. Reference page in APA style format. Writing: Produce text with minimal grammar, usage, spelling, and mechanical errors. Sources: Integrate into text appropriate use of current scholarly sources, evidence, and citation style. Use the Evidence and APA Citation guidelines provided. Cite the reference in its summary. Formatting: Include a title page and reference page, Times New Roman, 12 point. Length: Complete no more than 35 typed, double-spaced pages, in addition to the title page and reference page. References: be sure to also list your citations on a reference page at the end of your paper, along with any other resources you may have included. Each reference you use in scholarly writing must have an active DOI or URL listed in the reference list. Format references in the seventh edition APA Style. Double-space the reference list, both within and between references. Do not add extra lines between references. Order references alphabetically, usually by the first letter of the first authors last name. Include the authors first and middle initials (if they have them). Do not write out first or middle names. Write author names in an inverted format so that the last name comes first, followed by a comma and the initials. Place a period and a space after each initial. Apply a hanging indent for all references using the paragraph-formatting function of your word processing program: The first line is flush left, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in. To determine the format to use for a reference list entry, first determine the reference group (e.g., textual works, online media) and reference category (e.g., periodical, social media), and then choose the appropriate reference type within the category (e.g., journal article, Facebook post) and follow that example in Chapter 10 of the Publication Manual or the Concise Guide to APA Style. Reference formats are based on the document type (e.g., journal article, report), not the retrieval method (e.g., online, in print). Even if you retrieved a work online, determine its type. Only cite a work as a webpage or website if no other category fits. Include a DOI or URL at the end of the reference for any work with one. Most references do not require retrieval dates. Include a retrieval date only when (a) a work is inherently designed to change over time (e.g., a Facebook profile page) and (b) you are citing an unarchived version of the work, as described in Section 9.16 of the Publication Manual. Do not include both a DOI and a URL in a reference entry. If a work has a DOI and a URL, include only the DOI. Copy and paste the DOI or URL directly from your web browser. Do not add a period after the DOI or URL. DOIs and URLs can be either blue and underlined (usually the default setting for hyperlinks) or plain text that is not underlined Sources I chose Burciaga Valdez, R., & Encinosa, W. (2024). Racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare costs and outcomes of cigarette smoking in USA: 20082019. Tobacco Control, 33(e2), e218-e224. Osmani, A. R., & Khudri, M. M. (2025). The affordable care act and racial disparities in healthcare utilization: New evidence from employer mandate. The Review of Black Political Economy, 52(2), 143-169. Muthiah, N., Rothenberger, S., & Abel, T. J. (2023). Socioeconomic status and healthcare utilization disparities among children with epilepsy in the united states: Results from a nationally representative sample. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 21776-8.