Directions:

These are open-book, multi-paragraph, long, and not-timed essays. Although there is no minimum required words count, you must write multi-paragraph well-structured, well-thought essays that are analytical, directly answer the questions and deliver the message(s) that you are asked to deliver. Read the uploaded rubric carefully. It’s a page on Canvas.

You can use the textbook, presentation, articles, films, and the Internet sources. If you are using the Internet, just say according to xyz and provide the link. No Wikipedia please.

The long essays cover all the subjects and materials from the beginning of the semester until the time of the exam.

Scroll down to see the rubric

Essay Prompt:

The Market Revolution and the Environmental Transformation of the United States

The Market Revolution of the early nineteenth century profoundly reshaped the American economy, society, and landscape. As transportation networks expanded, markets integrated, and industrial and agricultural production intensified, Americans experienced unprecedented economic growth alongside deep social and environmental consequences. While historians often emphasize the Market Revolutions effects on labor, class, gender, and slavery, its environmental impacts were equally transformative and long-lasting.

In a well-organized, multi-paragraph essay, analyze how the Market Revolution altered the relationship between Americans and the natural environment. Your essay should examine how changes in transportation, agriculture, industry, labor systems, and market integration reshaped land use, resource extraction, ecosystems, and human-environment relationships. You should also consider how these environmental changes intersected with slavery, industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of corporate capitalism.

Be sure to address both short-term and long-term environmental consequences, drawing connections between early nineteenth-century developments and later environmental challenges in American history. Your essay should use specific historical examples from the readings, including infrastructure projects, agricultural transformations, labor systems, and market expansion, to support your analysis.

Your argument should move beyond description and explain why these environmental changes mattered, who benefited from them, who bore the costs, and how the Market Revolution set enduring patterns that continue to shape American environmental issues today.

Hint:

As you plan your essay, think about how economic progress depended on the transformation of nature. Consider questions such as: How did canals, railroads, and steamboats change landscapes and ecosystems? How did the rise of commercial farming and plantation agriculture affect soil, forests, water, and labor systems? In what ways did slavery, industrial labor, and corporate organization accelerate environmental exploitation? Strong essays will connect environmental change to power, inequality, and long-term consequences rather than treating nature as a background to human activity.

Long Essay Rubric Spring 2025

To begin, the early nineteenth century’s Market Revolution revolutionized the way Americans interacted with the natural environment in important ways. Due to transportation improvements, growing markets, and increasing production rates, more Americans began to see nature as a resource that could be controlled or harvested instead of something to coexist with. Although this new perspective was economically beneficial, it also caused substantial environmental damage and social inequality. Through agriculture, transportation, and industrialization, the Market Revolution changed the way that land would be utilized, resources would be extracted and the ecological systems would function, creating environmental and social harm primarily for enslaved persons, laborers, and Indigenous peoples.

The Market Revolution brought on a key transformation to the way goods were transported, namely an increase in the development of transportation systems, including canals, railroads, and steamboats. Construction of infrastructure like the Erie Canal allowed for quicker and less expensive shipping of goods, which encouraged greater levels of production and increased trading volume. The development of these new forms of transportation also had significant environmental consequences. Canals and railroads needed to be cut through forests or change the flow of rivers in order to construct the transportation systems, as well as using large amounts of natural resources both renewable and non-renewable. The railroads especially led to a demand for both wood and iron that resulted in deforestation and extraction of mineral resources. Additionally, the ability to create new forms of transportation contributed to the ability for settlers to continue to move westward, which further increased pressure on limited land and in turn affected the functioning of many natural ecosystems.

Furthermore, the way farming was conducted also went through a major transformation when farmers moved from growing food for their families to producing crops to sell in large quantities to other people. More farmland was created, and a large number of trees were cut down to create new farmlands. In the South, plantation farming, especially cotton farming, increased very quickly. The plantation system relied lots on slave labor, which had a major environmental impact. The soil was often overused to produce crops, causing the soil to run out of nutrients and become less productive over time. When the land became exhausted, the planters migrated westward and repeated the same process. This pattern shows how the growth of the economy and the exploitation of the environment were both closely connected to slavery.

The industrial revolution resulted in an alteration of the way in which society interacted with the environment. Factories utilized the following natural resources like coal, timber, and rivers therefore, as a result of industrialization there was an unprecedented increase in resource extraction from the environment since cities were growing rapidly with workers relocating from rural settings to work at factories in urban settings creating an increase of urbanization and therefore, there were new forms of pollution created. The air pollution and water pollution resulting in unhealthy living conditions for the workers who lived in these areas leading to the fact that the benefits of industrialization were not being shared equally. Furthermore, this also led to an increase in corporate power since the corporations focused more upon the profit than upon the impact that their continued excessive use of natural resources would have upon the environment for generations to come.

Overall, the Market Revolution profoundly changed how Americans viewed and used their natural surroundings through the lens of economic progress through nature. The rise of various means of transportation, agriculture and the industrialization of our society transformed not only the United States’ ability to grow but also created significant environmental degradation as well. The negative impact of the Market Revolution were not distributed equally as the most affected were groups that were already marginalized. Furthermore, the Market Revolution has had long-lasting effect on how environmental issues are viewed today and exemplifies how when mankind makes progress economically, we continue to leave behind a legacy of environmental destruction to both humankind and the earth.

Instructions:

based off my teachers comments on my work: ” To strengthen your work, you should incorporate more specific historical evidence. While you reference important events like the Afghan invasion of 1722 and concepts like the millet system, adding more detailed examples (such as specific policies, leaders, or regional impacts) would make your argument more persuasive.

You should also improve clarity and organization. Some sentences are very long and combine multiple ideas, which makes your argument harder to follow. Breaking these into clearer, more concise sentences will improve readability.

Additionally, deepen your analysis by explaining how these changes affected different groups of people, such as peasants, merchants, artisans, or religious communities, rather than speaking broadly about people.

Work on strengthening your comparative structure by directly linking the Safavid and Ottoman experiences within paragraphs rather than discussing them mostly separately.

Finally, refine your academic tone by avoiding repetition and making your conclusions more precise. Overall, your essay is well-developed and on the right track; adding specificity, improving clarity, and deepening analysis will elevate it further.” Fix my assignment based off my work that I have uploaded below. ALSO the changes you make on my work put the words in a DIFFERENT text color so I know what the changes are that were made.