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Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods – PA 556

There are five questions. Answer all questions and all parts of the question.

Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods – PA 556

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods for Public Administration

Question 120 pts

Social science research is accomplished from differing theoretical perspectives. The same social situation can be studied from several different perspectives. Important differences have been identified between quantitative and qualitative methods perspectives. The social science researcher makes an important initial choice as he chooses between a quantitative or qualitative research design. A substantial number of choices in theoretical perspectives occur after the quantitative or qualitative methods decision. Often researchers are influenced by their own skills and aptitudes as they devise research designs. Mention reasons researchers yield to their aptitudes as they elaborate planned research in the research design.

What personal variables are most likely to influence a research design choice for quantitative methods? Contrast these personal factors with abilities that incline the researcher to go with qualitative methods. Identify any special research abilities that would make an interpretivist/constructionist research design a likely choice. Does interpretivist/constructionist analysis advantage some researchers more than others?

The following are theoretical perspectives a researcher could possibly use – rational choice, procedural fairness, symbolic interaction, conflict theory, and functional theory. Appropriateness of perspective to the research questions is an evaluative issue in analyzing research design. How must a research design be appropriate? The unique abilities that the researcher has often results in choosing one of the afore mentioned perspectives. Identify your likely choice from among these perspectives. Why did you make the choice you did in beginning your research design?

Think of yourself as the audience for a social science researcher’s presentation. Does focusing in on the researcher’s decision about research design, allow improved comprehension of the presentation? Asking why the researcher has chosen the subject he is writing about could be useful. When evaluating a social science product, what are some of the best indicators of the researcher’s true purpose in devising his research project?

Place your answer here 400 words be direct to the point and address all the parts

Question 220 pts

The Phersons discuss the joy of the data hunt in their Chapter 8, “What Types of Information Are Available.” PA 556 has emphasized reasoning from data to conclusions. Social science has been explained as reasoning about social reality that is based on data. The social science research activity begins as the researcher identifies possible data. There is a considerable range of possible data sources because of the range of ideas that can be researched with qualitative methods. Explain why the Phersons use the “joy of the data hunt” phrase in discussing this step in the research process?

Saldaa encourages researchers to reason choices several different ways in order to have improved abilities both to devise relevant concepts and to communicate these concepts effectively to the intended audience. Discuss reasons why the innovation that he suggests leads to effective social science. Are Saldaa’s ideas accomplished effortlessly? Why is the intellectual activity that goes into reasoning as Saldaa recommends likely productive in producing excellent social science?

Another emphasis of the Phersons is the importance of reliability and credibility in choosing data. Do quantitative and qualitative methodologies reason the importance of data and validity differently? Why do the Phersons insist that the audience for a research product, or “clients” to use their phrase, be considered when data choices are made? How would Saldaa and the Phersons rationalize a data choice that intends to conceptual development instead of results with significant validity?

Place your answer here 400 words be direct to the point and address all the parts

Question 320 pts

Ethnomethodology is defined as the study of methods people use for understanding and producing the social order in which they live.

Saldaa writes, Critical thinking can result in not just a report but a manifestoan extended narrative about one’s opinions, policies, and goals. Is Saldaa writing about ethnomethodology? Can you read a social science product and evaluate how dedicated the researcher’s ethnomethodology is? Besides “dedicated” what comments might one possibly make about a researcher’s ethnomethodology? How is Lune and Berg’s chapter about participatory action research focused on ethnomethodology? Do you believe that criticizing ethnomethodology is useful in evaluating social science research?

Sometimes methodologists prefer data because of an ability to analyze the data until all possible meaning in the data is understood. Does research improve in quality if the data upon which the research is based allows this sort of extended analysis? The Juliet Corbin and Anselm Strauss book Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory was mentioned in class. These authors present the case for extensive analysis of the same data set. Is this an ethnomethodology understanding? In your answer, detail how ethnomethodology influences achievement in social science research.

Place your answer here 400 words be direct to the point and address all the parts

Question 420 pts

Defining what is adequate data is extensively analyzed in the literature about research methods. Quantitative research has more exacting ideas about adequate data than does qualitative research. Discuss how quantitative methods is able to use statistics in deciding that available data is adequate. Criticism of social science often asks this question as we evaluate political polls. Mention some of the adequate data issues lurking behind the political polls popularized by journalists.

Qualitative research likewise has data problems. Lune and Berg discuss methodological issues in interviewing, for example. To obtain useful data, what must be anticipated in dramaturgical interviewing? Mention useful ideas interviewers include in their interview repertoire?

Are focus groups reasonably analogized to interviews? Discuss focus groups from the data perspective? Are focus transcribed in qualitative methods. Why are focus groups and other verbal techniques transcribed?

Participatory action research, narrative, and case studies are other qualitative methods that have been mentioned. These are but a few of the possible qualitative methods found in the literature. Can criticism of qualitative research dismiss research efforts on the basis of inadequate data? What would be your standard for refusing to accept qualitative research on the basis of data?

Barbara Czarniawska in her book Narratives in Social Science Research quotes Roland Barthes, French semiologist and literary critic, about narrative.

“The narratives of the world are numberless. Narrative is first and foremost aq prodigious variety of genres, themselves distributed among different substances – as though any material were fit to receive man’s stories. Able to be carried by articulated languages, spoken or written, fixed or moving images, gestures, and the order mixture of all these substances; narrative is present in myth, legend, fable, tale, novella, epic, history, tragedy, drama, comedy, mine painting … stained glass window, cinema, comics, news item, conversation.” (Czarniawska, 2004, p. 1)

Is Czarniawska purpose in citing Barthes to make more inclusive what can be deemed data for narrative analysis? Would such a data strategy improve qualitative narrative analysis?

Place your answer here 400 words be direct to the point and address all the parts

Question 520 pts

Why are surveys so popular as a quantitative methodology? Why are issues of validity so much different for quantitative and qualitative research? Compare the rules for reflexivity in quantitative and qualitative research. Can one evaluate quantitative research on the basis of how well the researcher anticipated data gathering issues?

Do these polls provide us enough information to evaluate the validity of poll results. Consult Real Clear Politics. . Do we know if present political polling follows all the procedures textbooks recommend for effective survey research? Can we evaluate if the sampling procedures in this research acceptable. How does present political polling reassure of adequate methodological caution.

Discuss various techniques for creating a sample. Does theoretical sampling produce research validity? How do qualitative researchers resolve the validity issue when they use theoretical sampling? Gains from theoretical sampling are often mentioned when this technique is evaluated. Can the quantitative survey use theoretical sampling? What are the sampling requirements for an effective quantitative research project?

Present how survey research questions are written. Be inclusive of the various techniques the survey researcher must include to assure the success of his research design.

Place your answer here 400 words be direct to the point and address all the parts

B. Books

Howard Lune and Bruce L. Berg, Qualitative Research Methods for

the Social Sciences, New York, New York: Pearson, 2017.

Katherine Hibbs Pherson and Randolph H. Pherson. Critical

Thinking for Strategic Intelligence. Third Edition. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage,

2021.

Russell K. Schutt, Understanding the Social World, Research

Methods for the 21^st Century, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage,

2021.

Johnny Saldaa. Thinking Qualitatively, Methods of Mind. Thousand

Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press, 2015.

April 4, 2026
“Composition reaction”

What is form when magnesium ribbon is burn in presence of oxygen? Write balanced chemical reaction?

April 4, 2026
Algebra Skills Check
1. Solve for $x$ :
  $3 x + 7 = 22$
2. Solve for $x$ :
  $5 x 9 = 2 x + 6$
3. Simplify:
  $4 (2 x 3) + 5 x$
4. Solve for $x$ :
  $\frac{x}{4} + 6 = 10$
5. Simplify:
  $3 x^{2} + 2 x 5 + x^{2} 7 x + 1$
6. Solve for $x$ :
  $2 (x + 3) = x + 11$
7. Factor:
  $x^{2} + 5 x + 6$
8. Solve for $x$ :
  $x^{2} 9 = 0$
9. Simplify:
  $(x + 2) (x + 3)$
10. Solve for $x$ :
  $3 x^{2} 12 = 0$
11. Factor:
  $2 x^{2} + 8 x$
12. Solve for $x$ :
  $x^{2} + 4 x 12 = 0$
13. Simplify:
  $\frac{6 x^{2}}{3 x}$
14. Solve for $x$ :
  $7 x + 2 = 5 x + 18$
15. A number plus 8 is 20. What is the number?
April 4, 2026
Writing question
Please create a detailed report on the topic listed below.

Topic:

What skills or knowledge have you gained from your work that align with the content covered in your courses? How has your work experience influenced your understanding of the course material? Are there any specific examples from your work that directly connect to what youre learning in class? Discuss how integrating your work experiences with your coursework can enhance your overall learning experience.

Note: should be a minimum of 5-6 pages in total and include a minimum of 3-4 references. APA format, and no plagiarism or AI content is allowed.

Note:
- Content should be clear, concise, and understandable in APA format
- No plagiarism or AI content is allowed.
- Please follow the minimum no. of pages and include a minimum number of references.
April 4, 2026
Excel Question
Hi,

I have four Excel assignment files. Each has specific instructions. Ill upload them, and I need you to follow the steps each assignment asks,
1. Run a Z-test (for large samples),
2. A T-test (for small samples),
3. A Chi-Square or ANOVA (for categories/multiple groups),
4. A simple linear regression (to see if one variable predicts another)
please let me know if you need any clarification.
April 4, 2026
I have a homework in organization behavior subject.

The book name is in the PowerPoint slide along with the slides for this topic,

As we studied in Chapter 3 last class, under the topic ( Four Employee Responses to Dissatisfaction Exhibit 3.6) slide # 18.

You are asked to:

Provide a real example of a company decision that was met with employee dissatisfaction.

Then you must do the following:

Introduction & general background about the company

Fact: Describe the action taken by the organization

Issue: Describe Responses to dissatisfaction from the employees

Analysis: Based on your understanding and analysis, where would you place this reaction in the four cases in the matrix? & Why ?

Your OWN comment about it as Conclusion & Recommendation.

April 4, 2026
Studypool Professional
```
basic use of python programming
```
1. Variables and Data Types

Variables are containers used to keep data values.
```
name = "Alex"
age = 17
```
In Python, you dont need to define the data type manually.

2. Input and Output

These are used to receive input from users and display results.
```
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello,", name)
```
3. Conditional Statements

Used to control decisions in a program.
```
if age >= 18:
print("Adult")
else:
print("Minor")
```
4. Loops

Loops allow code to run repeatedly.
```
for i in range(5):
print(i)
```
5. Functions

Functions are blocks of code that can be reused.
```
def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name
```
6. Lists

Lists store multiple items in one variable.
```
numbers = [1, 2, 3]
```
7. Dictionaries

Used to store data with key-value pairs.
```
student = {"name": "Alex", "age": 17}
```
8. Error Handling

Prevents the program from crashing when errors occur.
```
try:
x = int(input())
except:
print("Error")
```
9. Comments

Comments help explain the code.
```
# this is a comment
```
10. Modules

Modules let you use built-in features or external libraries.
```
import math
```
April 4, 2026
Excel Question
Hi,

I have four Excel assignment files. Each has specific instructions. Ill upload them, and I need you to follow the steps each assignment asks,
1. Run a Z-test (for large samples),
2. A T-test (for small samples),
3. A Chi-Square or ANOVA (for categories/multiple groups),
4. A simple linear regression (to see if one variable predicts another)
please let me know if you need any clarification.
April 4, 2026
Music and sound effects
Final Project: Music and Sound Effects Assignment

Introduction

Last week, we covered Sound Effects. Here are the resources we explored:
I selected foley sounds that we will use in our final project. The link below will take you to our OneDrive folder, where you will find the old clips we used before, new clips and a collection of foley sounds from last week. Please explore all folders before making a decision.

Final Assignment Details

We will add music and foley sound effects to an original clip or any of your choices from the folder provided.

Guidelines
1. Create original footage or explore all clips in the provided folder
2. After creating or choosing the clip, delete its sound if it is not original footage. You cannot use the original sound of the clip
3. Select the music for your clip: remember to consider everything we learned in the spotting section
4. Explore the Foley sound library, select sounds your class created, and choose the best ones for your clip
5. Add music and sound effects and mix it appropriately. Make sure the levels are done to the best of your ability
6. If you can’t find the appropriate sounds for your clip from our library (only if), you can create new sounds
Student Examples

Valeria Alvarez

Wrote, acted, and edited the original footage and story.

Ariana Arquiliez

Video clip from the movie “The Mask” from 1994. The student deleted all sounds, added voice-over (she wrote the new script), and added music and sound effects.

Submission Instructions

How to Submit
1. Create your video with added music and sound effects
2. Export your video in MP4 format (recommended)
3. Upload your video to YouTube, Vimeo, or another video hosting platform
4. Submit the link to your video through this assignment
5. Include a brief description of your process and the choices you made regarding sound and music
Due Date: [Insert due date here]

Grading Criteria:
- Appropriate selection and integration of music
- Effective use of foley sound effects
- Quality of audio mixing and levels
- Creativity and originality
- Technical execution
Need Help?

Feel free to ask me any questions about this assignment. You can reach out through Canvas messages or during office hours.

Remember that this final project is an opportunity to demonstrate everything you’ve learned throughout the course about film sound and music. Have fun with it and be creative!
April 4, 2026
i will share completed excel spreadsheet after selecting tut…
Hi, I need help completing a public health program evaluation assignment. This is a group project, but I am responsible for one quantitative outcome.

My assigned outcome is: Increased awareness regarding mental health struggles
I will be using quantitative data (pre/post analysis) to measure this.

Important: Materials to Use

You must base everything on my previous work:
- Assignment 1
- Assignment 2
- Evaluation Tool Development Worksheet
These must guide my outcome, measurement tool, data analysis, and interpretation. Do NOT introduce new ideas that are not consistent with my previous assignments.

What I need help with:

Part 1: Data Analysis (1 paragraph – one per outcome/student – 10 points):
Depending on how you are measuring your outcome, respond to the corresponding section below.

A. Quantitative Outcome

Using Group Assignment 2 and the Quant Methods lecture as a guide, describe your data and how you analyzed it. Include the following:
- Statistical tests: what statistical tests did you use (e.g., descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, t-tests) and why?
- Software: Identify the analytical program(s) you used (e.g., SPSS, Excel, R, Stata)
Part 2: Results / Findings (1 paragraph)
After analyzing your data using Dr. Blooms Excel templates ():
- Summarize main findings for each outcome in a clear narrative form.
- Describe what the data show not just the numbers, but their meaning as it relates to your outcome.
  - Example (quantitative): Post-test scores were significantly higher than pre-test scores (p = .02), suggesting improved knowledge of tobacco harms.
  - Example (qualitative): Participants frequently described feeling more connected to peers, reflecting an increase in perceived social support.
- Include one visual per outcome (e.g., table, pie chart, or bar chart). Do NOT use a screenshot of your SPSS or Excel output. You must create a visual yourself. Be sure to label your visuals correctly.
  - Example: Figure 1. Change in Knowledge Scores Pre- and Post-Program)
Part 3: Connect Findings to Literature (1 paragraph)

Report your findings and discuss how your findings relate to existing research and evaluation studies. Be sure to cite 1-2 peer-reviewed articles per outcome to support your discussion (use in-text citations).
- Reiterate whether your outcome was met successfuly or not.
- Are your results similar to or different from prior findings? How?
- Identify remaining gaps and provide a recommendation / future direction for program planners and evaluators based off of your findings.
  Example: Participants reported higher levels of confidence in talking about consent and setting boundaries with romantic and sexual partners. Our results are consistent with Bloom et al. (2021), who found that comprehensive consent education programming increases students confidence discussing sexual boundaries. Future sex education programming should spend additional classroom time role-playing boundary setting, which may help build confidence to set boundaries in the real world with a real romantic or sexual partner.”
Part 4: Strengths and Limitations (1 paragraph)

Describe the major strengths (minimum 2) and limitations (minimum 2) of your evaluation.

Think about your evaluation design, sample, measurement tool, data quality, and analysis methods. How might these factors have influenced your results or their generalizability? Consider common limitations that might have influenced your results or their generalizability.

Part 5: Overall Summary (1 paragraph)
Provide an overall conclusion stating whether the program was successful or not, and clearly explain why based on the findings.

Submission Requirements (MANDATORY):
- Must be written in paragraph form only (no bullet points)
- Single-spaced, 12-point font (Times New Roman, Calibri, or Arial)
- Maximum 3 pages (excluding figures and references)
- Must be completed in a Google Doc (live link submission required)
- I must show my work using version history
- I must add my professor and TA as editors to the Google Doc
- Must include in-text citations
- Must submit PDFs of all sources, labeled with author + year, in a Google Drive folder
Additional Notes (VERY IMPORTANT):
- Use simple, clear wording
- Writing must sound natural and like student work
Please do NOT use AI or ChatGPT-generated language and do not plagiarize. My professor is very strict about originality and academic integrity. All responses must be written in original wording.

If you have access to Turnitin, please run the assignment and provide the report.
April 4, 2026