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Social justice

Social justice

The Four Pillars of Social Justice

To understand how social justice works in practice, it is often broken down into four essential principles:

Equity: Unlike equality (giving everyone the same thing), equity means giving people what they need to succeed. This acknowledges that people start from different positions and face different barriers.

Access: Ensuring that all groups have equal access to essential services like healthcare, education, housing, and legal representation.

Participation: Every individual should have a voice in the decisions that affect their lives and their communities. This includes voting rights and representation in government.

Human Rights: Protecting the fundamental rights of all people, including freedom of speech, safety from violence, and the right to a dignified standard of living.

Racial Justice: Addressing systemic racism and discrimination in the justice system, workplace, and housing.

Economic Justice: Closing the wealth gap and ensuring fair wages and economic mobility for all workers.

Gender Justice: Fighting for equal pay, reproductive rights, and the end of gender-based violence.

Environmental Justice: Ensuring that low-income or marginalized communities are not disproportionately affected by pollution and climate change.

LGBTQ+ Rights: Protecting individuals from discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.

Why It Matters?

Social justice isn’t just about helping a specific group; it’s about creating a more stable and prosperous society for everyone. When more people have access to education and fair pay, the economy grows. When people feel represented and heard, social conflict often decreases.

April 4, 2026
Organs of Respiration in human body
1. Nose and Nasal Cavity:
- Process of respiration begins with Nasal Cavity. Main route of air entry.
- When we breath air flows to the nostrils and enter the nasal cavity
Mucus is a salty and sticky substance which he os in killing
- It has guard hairs which block the inhalation of large particles
- Divide in Right and Left
- Nasal Septum divide it

2. Pharynx:

It is also called Throat.
12-14 Cm long tube
Lies behind the mouth cavity and larynx
Belongs to both the Respiratory and Digestive System.
Passageway of air and food
Divide into three parts:|
1. Nasopharynx: It is the upper part of Pharynx and associated with Nasal cavity
2. Oropharynx: It is the middle part of Pharynx and associated with oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx: It is the lowest part of Pharynx and associated with Laryn.
4.Larynx:
- Lies in the Neck
- Length is 3.5 to 4.5 Cm
- Formed by Cartilage
- Its basic function is to keep food and drink out of the airway.
- At the top of the larynx is a spoon shaped flap of cartilage called Epiglottis (Epiglottis directs food and drink into the esophagus)
- Larynx also has an additional function of producing sound (that is why it is also called Voice Box/Sound Box)
4.Trachea:
- Also called Wind Pipe
- 10-12 Cm Long
- Surrounded by 16-20 C- Shaped rings of Hyaline Cartilage.
- These rings provide Flexibility and Strength to trachea.
- At the level of 5″ Thoracic vertebra, it divides into two Bronchi
- In respiratory system trachea’s main job is to transfer the air to next junction/passage called Bronchi.5. Bronchi:
  - There are two Left Bronchi and Right Bronchi.
  - Right Bronchi is shorter and wider then left
  - Made up of complete rings of Cartilage
  - It controls air entry
  - These bronchi enter into our lungs and further divides into several branches and sub – branches
  6. Lungs:
  - Lungs reside inside Rib cage above diaphragm and inside thoracic cavity.
  - Rib cage protect lungs
  - Lungs are covered by layer called Pleura
  - Lungs are two spongy, elastic and cone shaped organ.
  - Space between two lungs is called Mediastinum
  - Right lung is larger than left lung
  - Both lungs weight approx. 1.3 Kg
  - There are two lungs:
    Right: 620 grams (contain 3 Lobes)
    Left: 560 grams (contain 2 Lobes). 7. Bronchial Tree:
    - The branches and sub-branches of bronchi are called Bronchioles
    - Bronchioles are root like structure which again divide into further branches and sub-branches which is called Bronchial
    8. Alveoli:
    - Alveoli is the actual site of gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood
    - Alveoli is called the Basic Unit of Respiratory System
    - Air Sacs
    - It looks like bunch of grapes
    TION U
    - A single spherical ball like structure of Alveoli is called
      Alveolus
    - Alveoli is a group of several Alveolus
    - Final termination of each Bronchi
    700 million. 9. Alveolus
    - It is very thin and composed of a single cell membrane
    - The extremely thin membrane helps in very easy exchange of gases between the Alveolus and RBC’s flowing through the capillaries.
    - The process of gas exchange occurs by a diffusion.

April 4, 2026

Purpose: This assignment is meant to give you an opportunity to develop and articulate your view of critical issues in law and society. In other words, I want you to show me your perspective, and I encourage you to develop your ideas and opinions. However, your opinion must be grounded in scholarly research, and you must engage with evidence or arguments both in favor and against your perspective.

Essay Options

Option 1: Argue to uphold or overturn a major supreme court case

This semester we have learned about dozens of important court decisions that have shaped our understanding of law and society. In some instances, weve learned about the court issuing a ruling at one time, and then reversing itself years later as facts, circumstances, or politics change. Take an existing court ruling, one that is standing as law today, and either argue for or against overturning it.

Option 2: Argue for or against amending the constitution

This semester we have taken a brief look at American constitutional history, including moments of constitutional expansion (ie: the reconstruction amendments), and the ways that courts have changed their interpretation of the Constitutions amendments. Now, as we approach the 250th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, it is worth considering whether the constitution should be changed, either by editing an existing Amendment, or adding a new one.

Option 3: Identify a violation of the rule of law and how the Rule of Law can be strengthened

Return to our week 1 discussion of Paul Gowders 3 pillars of the rule of law: regularity, publicity, and generality. Do you see areas of the law where one of these elements of the rule of law is being violated today? Identify the violation, what may be causing it, and what it might take to repair this violation and strengthen the rule of law.

Guidelines for all essay options:

Structure and Requirements: Your essay should have an introduction, conclusion, and 3 main body elements. In the body of your essay, you should develop 2 arguments for your position and engage with 1 strong argument against your position. When you engage with the counter-argument, explain that perspective fully and then explain why your perspective remains stronger. Reference the elephant in the room.

Length and formatting: Your essay should be a minimum of 4 pages long, though 5 pages is encouraged. Use Times New Roman, 12pt font, double spaced, with 1-inch margins. You may either place citations on the last page or in footnotes.

Scholarly engagement and citations: Do not use Chat-GPT, Grammarly, or other AI programs. You must cite at least 3 sources (one per major body section), but are encouraged to cite more. They must all be external sources, not the casebook, lecture, or assigned readings (these are acceptable to reference but dont count towards your citation total). Cite academic sources – peer reviewed scholarly journal articles or books published by academic presses. Do not use History.com, Encyclopedia Brittanica, etc., as a citation. I should be able to locate your citations through a search on google scholar.

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Did you have personal feedback while trying this exercise on yourself? What was your initial reaction? (Be sure to include title/thesis with a work cited)