1. New Testament Greek
(350 words of Pure Content) (Summarize the transcript below regarding a zoom meeting)
(During the summary, address the professor as Dr. Wishart)
Example of a sentence: Dr. Wishart discussed .
We ask that you lead not just this Zoom, but we ask that you would lead us throughout these upcoming eight weeks, that you would be glorified, that as we study, we would be edified, and that your kingdom would be multiplied as the glory of your son is magnified in all that we do and all that we say. Lord, we thank you for the trust that David and William have given us in allowing us to share their requests, and we lift them up. We lift up David’s grandson, Carter.
Thank you for the successful surgery. Thank you for guiding the hands of the doctors. Thank you for the wisdom that you imparted and allowed to flow through them, God, to make this surgery successful, and now we ask that you would continue to manifest yourself as Jehovah Rapha, as you bring healing and recovery to his body and peace to his mom, his dad, and his family members as you complete the good work that you’ve begun.
Father, you know the petition that William and his wife have before you concerning their daughter, and we join our faith with theirs as it is in accord with your will, that it would be done for them, God. You said if we ask anything in faith, believe in God, that it will be done for us, so we ask for healing. We ask for your perfect plan for William’s daughter, and we ask for your spirit to flow and use us.
Glorify yourself and edify us as we study together. Thank you again, and we invite you to have your way in our time on tonight and again throughout this entire eight weeks. We glorify you, we magnify you, and we even lift up those unspoken requests.
In Jesus’ name, amen. Amen. All right, so it’s amen, amen, amen.
I’m excited to be here. Hopefully you are excited to be here too, and tonight we’re just going to have, this is our first Zoom, so we’re going to cover a few things. Primarily, our time will be spent on walking through our syllabus.
Hopefully you’ve had the opportunity to read that through, and we’re going to cover it thoroughly because that is important. That is our contract, per se, that we’re going to be walking through. We’re going to abide by it together.
As you notice, it is in the Canvas system. It is written in stone, but if we need to make some changes, I have a hammer and chisel, so no worries. This course is set up for you to succeed.
It is set, my goal is to help you be fiercely successful over these next eight weeks. I am committed to doing everything necessary to make that happen, and I have no doubt that if we work together, we will be successful at that. So I want to welcome you, not just to this class, but to our Zoom, and I want to let you know just kind of off the bat, if you’ve read the syllabus, that this course is centered on just one simple question, and that question is both ancient and it is timely, and that is, what is the church, and what does it mean to be faithful and healthy in the moment we now inhabit? So I wanted to just drop that seed in your hearts and in your minds, and as we do, I want you to think about that, but I also now want to take this opportunity, I’m going to share my screen, and in sharing my screen, I’m sharing my screen because I want us to walk through, just give me a second, let me, I want us to walk through how to get to all the information that we need.
So here we go, and I want to share, all right, can you all see the screen with me? Okay, so your learning management system will look something like this. This is a teacher view, so let me see if I can work it and view it as a student. This is what it will look like to you.
The first thing, when you click on home, you’ll see the welcome. That’s a general welcome for our school. When you get those welcomes, there’s some quick access buttons down at the bottom, and you can use those quick access buttons or you can use the guide here on the left side of the screen.
Hopefully, you’ve already received some announcements, but here are some. This is your general announcement that you got probably a week ago on the 5th when the course opened, just a welcome to the class that gives you some good information to help you navigate and get what you need for the writing lab, Microsoft editor, our library, which is a vital resource to each of you, especially as you learn online, and just a general welcome. On Monday, you should have received a more specific welcome and some reminders throughout this week.
You will be getting one of these announcements each week, and it’s just a reminder to help you stay connected, some encouragement, and a reminder that I am constantly praying for you. Some days, I pray for you specifically by name. Other days, I will be praying for you generally, overall, all of you as a class, as my PMIN 501 class, but please know that daily, I will be praying for you and covering you and asking God to lead you and give you everything that you need to be successful in this class.
I am here for you. Please never feel like you reaching out to me is a bother. That is what I’m here for.
If you have questions, you can feel free to reach out to me, and I will respond to you, and we’ll cover that more within 24 hours unless it’s on a Friday, then I will respond to you on a Monday. So those announcements will pop up for you, and they will help you to navigate the week well. It’ll give you some heads up if you have a heavy week or a light week, and maybe sometimes there’ll be some suggestions for how you can navigate this week to be most successful.
Here, you’ll click on the syllabus, and when you do that, it’ll open up to you, and it will have our syllabus. It just lets you know that this is PMIN 501 Leadership in Church and Ministry. This course is a three-credit course.
It gives you some very important information, the semester information, how long our course runs, and that it will be online. It gives you my information, my name, Dr. Dentu. You have my location, my office, if any of you are in the area.
My office is in the third floor of the Divinity Building. I’m at 389. My office hours, times you can expect to find me, whether in the building or where you can reach me via email or telephone.
The phone number that you see here is my office line, but when you call the office, when you call the office, it does send me a message to tell me that you left a message, and I will try to get back to you. Again, the communication policy is within 24 hours. That is the goal.
I will do my best. Even if I cannot respond to you well, I will say I’ve received your email, and I will respond to you as soon as I possibly can. My goal is to respond quickly, but beyond speed, my goal is accuracy and paying you good attention, so I will prefer that over a quick response.
If I can get back to you quickly, I will. If it’s something simple, I will do that, but I want to make sure I answer your questions thoroughly, so I will do my best to respond quickly. I saw two hands, Kimberly and then Alexis.
Oh, I was just wondering, I mean, I think it must just be a typo, but it says the course is from January 12th to May the 7th. That’s not right, huh? May? Nope, it’s March. Okay.
It’s March. Thank you. I will make that correction.
It is not May. It’s March. This is an eight-week course, and when I do these things, I have several different courses, so sometimes I get an autopilot, and the 15-week courses end on May 7th.
This course ends on March 6th. I’m sorry. Yes, I believe it’s March 6th, but let me just confirm that.
You are in session C, and this is March 7th, excuse me, Saturday, March 7th, and one thing I want you to be mindful of, all of your assignments will be due on Sunday, this, the last assignment, and I’ll say this again, but I want to just make sure I’ve said it several times. Your last assignment is due on Saturday, not Sunday, so just be mindful of that, that when you hand in your final assignment, it will be due, whatever that is, it will be due on Saturday and not Sunday. Thank you so much for pointing that out.
I will make the correction and update the syllabus in the learning management, and if you find anything else, please point it out to me so you can help me make sure we are on the same page. I have, like I said, I can work that hammer and chisel. I don’t have any problem.
We’ll make that happen. Alexis? Mine was the same question, so you’re good. Great.
All right, so our course description is foundational biblical principles of church leadership in life with an emphasis on team ministry. We’ll examine key ministry practices as foundations for church renewal and revitalization, so that’s our course description. Our textbooks that are required for us are Neil Cole’s Church 3.0, Upgrades for the Future of the Church, Alan Hirsch and Chatham, The Permanent Revolution, Reggie McNeil’s Missional Renaissance, and Tom Rayner’s Autopsy of a Deceased Church, and Peter Scarcezzo, Sarzo.
You know, I’ve spoken to that person more than once, and every time I ask him how to say his name, and I mess it up every time, so, but it’s okay. He’s not on the Zoom with us, so he’ll never know as long as you don’t tell. Okay, and his book Emotionally Healthy Leader is also one of our textbooks.
I want to be very clear that you check the ISBN of these books because you need these editions, and the reason why these it’s important is because when I check your citations, and when I check your references, I’m going to be looking for the page number in these books, so just make sure you have these editions, and make sure you have all of these textbooks because they will be important for us. Our course assignment summary, which is very important. Yep, before we get there, go ahead, John.
What if I have all of the books, but I bought them all on Kindle? Some Kindle books have the appropriate page numbers. What I would encourage you to do is check whether there’s some have the appropriate page number. Cite it correctly, and see if you can look on the library website because the library website has the eBooks for you to be able to check the appropriate page numbers.
Unfortunately, you can also use Google Books. Google Books gives you the opportunity to find the appropriate page numbers for the textbooks as well. If you look at Google Books, you check on it, you can check the preview for the appropriate page number and cite it that way.
Unfortunately, because there are so many of you, I just can’t try to flip through the page to see. I don’t have the Kindle edition, so you’ll have to help me with that, which is why when you, not just for this class, but the remainder of your classes, you want to be mindful of that. So, you will need the appropriate page numbers, and those I’ve already given you two options to look at that, but if the library doesn’t have it, Google Books, again, will help you be able to find those page numbers with a search of the preview.
It won’t give you the full book, but it will give you where that quotation is found on the book. So, yes, so be sure to do that. Yes, Michael? Good evening, Doc.
Good evening, everyone. I’ve been in many courses here, and I’ve used all of the hard copies along with the e-books. The e-book number is never the same as the hard copy so far, just to let you know.
Okay, thank you. Now, I’m not sure, maybe it’s, yeah, Kindle is Amazon, is that correct? Amazon, Kindle, yes. Just do your best to find the appropriate page, but thank you for that information, Michael.
Yes, Kimberly? In other classes that I’ve had, because I get the e-books a lot, because I like to listen to it while I’m reading, because I have ADHD, and it helps. And so I do that, and they say, well, if you can make it like this section, like it’s chapter this section, you know what I mean? Like if you could point to almost the right, you know what I’m saying? Like it’s in the quote or whatever it is, comes from this section, this chapter, this, you know, and kind of point the professor to the right place. That’s what I’ve done before in the past.
I don’t know. I’m not sure how you could do that, because your citations have to be Terabian, and Terabian has a specific Kindle citation. So I really want to encourage you to find those, the appropriate page number.
I like Kindle too, and I like Audio Audible, because I love listening to books, and Kindle has a little trick you can do if you can listen to it without buying the audio book. But we need that specific citation, because even if you cite it from Kindle, you need the appropriate Terabian Kindle citation. Okay, any other questions about that? Those are excellent.
Thank you all so much for sharing your questions. I’m really grateful for that. Yes, Sarah? When buying Kindle, like if you look it up, it shows it that you’re getting the same ISBN.
So like the edition and everything exists exactly the same. The only issue is page number. So like everything is the same.
Like we wouldn’t have known that that was the issue, because in the syllabus, it says make sure you get this ISBN, and when you search by ISBN, that’s what it shows. Right, and so when you click on wherever you buy it from, Kindle is Amazon. It shows you paperback, hardcopy, Kindle, so they’re usually different prices.
So I’m not sure how you made a mistake and bought the Kindle and not the paperback. But it’s the same ISBN. Right, but we don’t use Kindle.
We use books. So we’re going to use the hardcopy of the book, because this is what you’re asking me to do. You’re asking me, one, to search through the books for all of you to find out where your citations are, and I can’t do that.
So that’s why we need the hardcopy book. Kindle books are not books that we can purchase from our books. If we just cited the ebook, that would be fine? If your citations need to match the print copy.
So if you pinned in an assignment, and when I check your citation, and it does not match up with the print book, it will not be an appropriate citation. So you need the print book. But the library ebook, that’s what I was asking.
That is the resource that’s provided to us. You can check the what? The library. The library ebook, that’s the source that is provided to us.
So you need to buy these books, right? Is that what you’re saying? No, you don’t. The library always provides our books. Like, we can use the ebook.
As long as the ebooks have the appropriate page number, you’re, you, what, I’m not sure of all the technicalities that exist with the library book, and the ebook, and the Kindle book, but as long as your citations have the appropriate page numbers, when I look at the books they provide for me, then we’ll be, we’ll be just fine. If they’re not the same with the books they provide for me, then for this class, every class before this class, that’s the standard. So if there’s a different standard, I can check that out.
But until I find out different, your citations need to match the print book. If the library resource matches the print book, then that’s fine. Because this, I have six classes left, and this is the first I’m hearing of this.
Okay, well, we’ll discuss it offline. But we’re, I mean, we’re not going to settle it right now. So your citations need to be appropriate.
So those are the required books. Let’s, the course assignment summary, the syllabus quiz, if you have not taken that, it’s worth 2%. So make sure you take that by Sunday.
2% doesn’t seem like a lot currently. But when you get to the end of the class, and you’re right on the cusp of an A and a B, those two points are very, can be very important. Your discussion board posts, you have three, and they’re worth 9% each.
So those discussion boards, you want to make sure you answer them, you want to make sure you follow the prompts, and that you answer every aspect of the prompt. Focus on the prompt, the discussion boards are clear, you are required to participate in discussion boards per the course schedule, they’re clearly marked in the modules. The prompts, there’ll be prompts for the initial posts.
Each initial post is three to 400 words in length. Please do not write a seven or 800 page discussion post. I’m not going to read it after 400 words.
So make sure you are succinct in your communication between three and 400 words. This initial post is due by Wednesday at 11.59 p.m. when it should say before 11.59 p.m. So because you don’t want to wait till 11.58, and you are something’s different, and it doesn’t get posted. In addition, you got to, you have to respond to at least two postings of other students with 150 to 200 words.
Due to the nature of this assignment, late discussion posts will not be accepted. So if you don’t get your discussion posts in on Wednesday, you can’t do it on Thursday, because other people are depending on you to get your post in so they can respond to you. Late discussions, whether it’s the initial or the responses, will not be accepted.
So please, please keep that in mind, because that’s very important for you in your, when you answer these discussion posts. It’s worth 27% of your grade. Zoom meetings, we have two.
Yes, Justin. Hello. Quick question on the discussion posts.
Is that, is the, I’m trying to read along, is the responses due? What are the responses? The responses aren’t due until Sunday. That’s correct. Okay.
All right. That’s all I wanted. Okay.
Thank you. You’re welcome. Thank you for asking that question.
So you just want to be mindful. And again, the discussion posts are here. If you click on the discussion posts, you’ll get them all.
If you click in modules, which is what you may want to do, if you click in modules, it takes you through each and everything that you’re supposed to do each time. And the, you can click through each one and it’ll have everything that you need, including tonight’s Zoom. This is how you can upload.
And what, what do you mean upload? If you miss a Zoom session, you have to submit an engagement response or engagement essay of 400 words, summarizing the session and engaging, engaging its content with your own response. If you, this is where you would upload that. That upload, that response has to be in Terabian format.
It has to meet those requirements. So make sure if you are not familiar with Terabian, that you have your manual somewhere close by, and that is due on Sunday. I have to manually give you credit for being present at the Zoom.
So if we have our Zoom on Tuesday or Thursday, I will give you credit by the following, in the, in the following week, usually on Monday, sometimes on Tuesday. I have to manually do that. So you will see it say missing assignment or not, no submission.
Do not be alarmed. If you are present, Canvas automatically takes attendance. It tells me that you were there.
It tells me how long you were there. And so when I go into grade for that week, I will mark you as present for that Zoom based on what Canvas tells us. So make sure, so make sure you have your actual name, because sometimes people have a different name here.
And so when I’m looking for attendance, if it’s a different name, then I’m not going to recognize who you are. So please make sure you have that present. But again, the modules will take you all the way through what you need.
There’s the say hello. We have all those things that syllabus quiz, which was present, and then it takes you into the next week. Yes, Douglas? Yeah.
I wanted you to click back. You just clicked forward. So the module one, I guess, was that overview.
It says something about a leadership tab. The next one. No, the next one.
OK. Click next. Let’s see.
Leadership journal. Yeah. Yeah.
But it’ll say the course resources tab. You can find it there. Let’s go here.
Right here. Course resources. Oh, OK.
OK. OK. I got you.
Yeah. Thank you for asking. That’s the point of our time.
So we can get a better know where to find the things that we need. So back to our syllabus. Zoom.
So you don’t have to be, because some people have conflicting Zooms. You may have a Zoom at the same time in another course. No problem.
You just need to watch the recording and do that 400 page reflection essay or paper, upload it by Sunday, and you should have no problems. Now, let’s see. So, OK.
This says 250 to 300 words. So let me help you. There are so many things that get automatically transferred.
So there are little tedious things that we that we will sometimes miss. I have a full checklist, but here is your proof that I’m not perfect. And sometimes I miss it.
But here’s something you can know. If something says 400 words and something else says 250 to 300 words, you can always go with the lower number. You can always go with the lower number.
So it says, oh, 400. It said 400 words. I’m going to fix the 400 words and correct it to the 250 to 300 words for the Zoom reflection.
Everybody with me on that? If there is a conflict, we will we will lean toward the we will lean in your favor, i.e., the lower number. OK. In addition to the Zoom meetings.
Yes, Michael. Just a little update for everybody about the difference between the e-book and the hard copy book for for missional residents. They’re definitely not the same.
And for the emotionally emotionally healthy leader, they don’t even have the 2015 as an e-book. It’s a 2013 e-book that they have up there. I didn’t check all of them.
I just checked to the library. I’m going to reach out to Dean Gilley and I’m going to find out what it is, how we need to navigate. I’m just going to order the books.
Well, I’m going to find out because I’ve not. What you’re saying to me is new. So I’m going to find out what we need to do and I’ll send out an announcement and that way we can all be on the same page.
All right. So I will make that reflection. Excuse me.
Correction. Yes, Ronald. OK, just a quick question since we’re back on this line for a second.
I ordered the physical book from the college, you know, the college school. Yes. Some of the ISBN, like two of the ISBNs are different.
Same authors, same books, but the ISBNs are different. Is that going to be a problem? I’m not sure. I don’t know which ISBN you have.
Let me find out from the library. Can you tell me which two are different? Put it in the chat. Which two are different? And I can check specifically from the library to see why our syllabus says one thing and the library is giving something different because we connect prior to now to make sure that we’re on the same page.
So maybe there was there something has transpired that I’m not aware of. So I’ll reach out to Dean Gilley and find out. So on the syllabus, let me just point this.
2. New Testament Greek
(350 words of Pure Content) (Summarize the transcript below regarding a zoom meeting)
(During the summary, address the professor as Dr. Wishart)
Example of a sentence: Dr. Wishart discussed .
There we go. So if anybody has any questions, please, please let me know. And you can also interrupt along the way if you need to.
And if I don’t see your hand or something, just tell me. I’m going to be looking across my other screen here. All right, let’s get this going.
Yes, I just had one as far as the article paradigm. Is that all for the? Yes, and no. It’s an article.
Now, English, we talked about a couple weeks ago, or maybe last week, too. English has two different articles, a definite article and an indefinite article. Greek does not have two articles.
So in English, you got three choices. No article. The word for that is anarthorous.
An meaning not arthrous, like the word, the art part is in their article. So anarthrous and anarthrous word, or it can have an article. And then in English, it could be definite or indefinite.
But in Greek, the only choice, there’s only two choices, anarthrous or articulate. That’s it. And so you can think about it as specifying.
That’s what the article does, it specifies. Now, how does it specify exactly? That depends on the context. There is a, for instance, in dialogue, you’ll have, it’ll say in Greek, and he said, or and he responded.
And that would just say the, so ha de, which means and, and then apen, which is the verb for he said. And so it’ll just but the said. So it’s almost like but the said, and the said, and the said.
So really, it’s just kind of pointing at the, you know, reference that you know about in the context, in that case. And so the, you can think about it again, as an article, it’s kind of like, the minimal nominal form. So there’s nouns, and there’s adjectives, adjectives describe properties of things.
Nouns describe complex things. There’s also pronouns, which sort of stand in for other things. So if I say he instead of Tyrone, I’m using a pronoun instead of his name.
But then the simplest one of all the most abstract one of all in Greek is the article. And that can actually stand in for any other nominal in many cases. So yeah, anyways, that’s, it’s an interesting difference with English, and it can be quite challenging to wrap your head around.
But the the, and then if it really sounds awkward, be like, well, maybe I won’t say that. In this case, you’ll often see that with proper nouns, right? The Jesus can be like, I’m just gonna say Jesus, you know, with a capital J. And that’ll that’ll solve it. So yeah, yeah, Peter.
I mean, Mounce says that we should do the workbook without looking at anything. And I could not do that this time through, even after sitting through the sessions and going over everything. I mean, it was just so much information.
Yeah, I had to go back and look at the paradigms to be able to get all those little nuances and changes in the words. Yeah, and I so Mounce is just saying that as a suggestion. You can totally look at the work like the textbook while you’re doing the workbook.
There’s no problem with that. And the workbook, the assignments that we have for the workbook, they’re just marked for completion. So if you put in the wrong answer, it’s okay, it’s not going to be a big deal.
The reason you would kind of try to look at the question, try to make sense of it first, is one of the biggest benefits is to sort of surface for you, like, what is it that I’m actually missing here? Like, where am I getting confused? Because sometimes you can, you know, if you read over something in a textbook, you’re like, okay, I think I got all that. And then when you get to the questions, you’re like, wait a second. I don’t, I don’t, you know, this is, I have no memory of this place, like Gandalf says in Lord of the Rings.
And so, yeah, I think that it’s a good sort of practice to try to just approach it fresh. But you can certainly look at the book. And I’m going to show you the paradigm, as I mentioned, that you want to memorize.
And that one, we’re going to go over it. And this will be a paradigm that you want to practice writing down. And you kind of can create a system for yourself of writing it down.
And just get in the habit of being able to quickly write down that paradigm. So that, for instance, when you go into your exam, you sit down, you don’t have your textbook open, but you have, you can have your piece of paper or something, just quickly write down the paradigm from memory. And then you can look at it while you’re doing your questions.
It’s incredibly helpful. It’s just from a test taking perspective. So yeah, let’s, if there’s no other immediate questions, I’m going to share this.
Because this week, we will be going over the next two cases. This is all, this will complete the case system. There actually is, Mounce says there’s one other case, the evocative case, which is the case of address.
Like if you say, you know, Jesus, that’s not nominative, it’s not the accusative, it’s not genitive or dative. So it’s evocative, is the claim. But I’m personally not convinced.
And we’ll get to that a little later in the semester. So it’s no big deal. And, oh, you had snow in Texas, by the way, that’s great.
I’m, well, maybe it’s not great. I don’t know. I got snow up here, let me tell you.
All right. Let’s go here. Let me see, got my, yep, got my pen working.
Okay, so today, we’re talking about the genitive and dative cases. If you don’t know what those words mean, that’s okay. There’s no reason you should know what they mean, unless you’ve studied grammar before.
So let’s see here. Oh, 34 degrees. Yeah, that’s pretty cold.
I actually, I was in Florida a couple, like a month and a half ago or something. And it was like, nearly freezing. And I was like, what in the world? And while I was down there, it was like, 60 degrees up here, which it wouldn’t normally be in the winter.
So I was like, oh, man, just happened to go to Florida at the wrong time. Okay, so genitive and dative, let’s go here. Let’s go over our vocabulary first here.
So we’ve got first, hamartia. Notice the rough breathing mark, hamartia, which means sin. You might have seen the word hamartiology, which is the study of sin or theology of sin, hamartiology.
And then we got arcae. Now, this is interesting, because it says beginning or ruler. And the kind of common meaning there is the first thing, you know, the first.
And so, you know, the first time or the first person in some group would be the ruler of it. So that’s what that means. And that’s feminine.
Notice it has a feminine article. So it’s hamartia. And also, by the way, this little ending here, now we have kind of some context for this.
This is the genitive ending. So in the genitive, it’s hamartia. In the genitive, arcae is our case.
So you might think, well, why in the world would he put that there, but you will understand that in weeks to come when we look at the third declension. Because there’s some words that don’t end with a vowel, they end with a consonant, and then it’s really hard to tell what it’s going to look like across the paradigm unless you know what the genitive form is. Okay, gar means four.
And I kind of always remember like gar for three letters ends with an R sound. So that’s nice and easy. And this it says it’s post positive.
Another word that we already saw that’s post positive is de. And post positive just means it gets positioned after post positioned, it’s post positive, which means it is never the first word in a sentence or a phrase or a clause, it will come, maybe it’ll be the second word, maybe there’ll be after the first whole phrase, like it’ll be like, the Jesus, and then gar after it. It also could be after a whole clause.
So it’s just the main thing is it never comes first. And we do that in English when we go, you know, when you’re writing an essay or something, and you go, that means, therefore, that I think, you know, whatever. So you put therefore, you know, not first in the sentence.
The difference in English, of course, is you can put therefore first, but in Greek, they don’t. It’s purely for phonological reasons, just for the way it kind of rolled off their tongue or whatever it was. That’s how they said it.
Okay, epin, that means he, she or it said, I think I just mentioned that example. So we’ll learn about verbs later. But this is a really common one.
And it makes it way easier to learn or to sort of practice using words if you’ve got a few basic verbs. So epin means he, she or it said, ace means into or in, you guys may have heard of exegesis before. And you know, that’s the the analogy people always give is to draw the meaning out of the text, whereas exegesis is to read the meaning into the text.
So that’s kind of the difference there. Of course, in reality, the word exegeo, it’s actually, actually, I think I’m not even saying the right vocabulary form of that. But anyways, the word just means to interpret.
So it doesn’t necessarily mean literally to draw out, it just means to interpret. But, but it makes for a great analogy exegesis versus exegesis. Okay, exousia, exousia, it means authority or power.
And I don’t know how I remember that exousia. I mean, I don’t know, it kind of sounds like something like, yeah, it almost sounds like, you know, remember, like, in Excelsis Deo, the Christmas song, exousia, authority, power. Yeah, that’s got nothing to do with it.
But, but it does in my mind. So therefore, that will help remember, help me remember it. Okay, euangelion, euangelion, in the genitive euangelio and ta.
So ta, as the article means, this is a neuter word. It’s neuter. Now, we would pronounce it euangelion.
In modern Greek pronunciation, you would say evangelion, evangelion. And that’s probably what makes a little more connection with the Latin form, like evangelist or evangelize. So euangelion, probably not too hard to remember that one.
And of course, engelion would be a message. And then anglos is a messenger. So engelion is a message and a euangelion is a good message.
Okay, yesus, yesus. Now this is funny, Jesus or Joshua, really, it’s the same name. If you look in a Septuagint, like the Greek translation of the Old Testament, you will see there is a book of Yesus, a book of Jesus, which is the book of Joshua in reality.
So that’s kind of interesting. And then we got kurios, kurios means Lord, or Master or Sir, it’s kind of a term of respect. So you have to kind of use your judgment.
An example of where it wouldn’t, you wouldn’t say Lord with, you know, capital L, is when Jesus says to his disciples to go get the donkey, you know, the colt, say there’s a colt tied, you’ll go find her outside the village, and bring the colt and I’ll ride on the colt. And then, of course, they go and then the servants are like, what are you doing with the colt? And they’re like, the Lord has need of it. And so you could translate that Lord for Jesus, because the disciples perhaps meant that, or you could translate it as the Master has need of it.
So it’s kind of up to your judgment there. Yeah, Peter. Right, this, this causes a big issue in the New Testament, doesn’t it? Because it’s, it could be interpreted in every possible way.
And, you know, you know, it was also just like a general saying to somebody, right? If it was someone in authority or something to that effect. So when is, you know, so we just hope for context, is that, because I can see that being an issue. Yeah, context is definitely the most critical thing, always.
And every, every time we have any questions about ambiguity, the answer will always be context. And I know that that’s kind of vague. You’ll see some examples of it.
And at some point, you know, it’d be good to discuss a bit more like, what does it mean to read something in context? Because the context, there’s syntagmatic context, as in what comes before and what comes after. Usually, that’s what we think of, right? You’re like, oh, I want to read this verse in context. So I’ll read the verses before and the verses after.
There’s also paradigmatic context, which means, what else could you have said here? So it’s almost like, if you imagine that, like a sentence, and you had the word curious in the middle. And imagine if you were able to like swipe through the options and swap out other words that might have gone there. That’s the paradigmatic context.
And so again, there’s only meaning if there is choice. If there’s no choice, it’s not meaningful. It’s not a meaningful decision that’s being made in terms of the language.
So yeah, you really want to pay attention to context. But that gets a little confusing. What I will point out for this word, though, Peter, is what you just said.
You said, well, it could be a lord or master, just someone in authority. And it’s like, yes, it refers to someone in authority. That is exactly what it means.
And so someone in authority is a kind of a circumlocution. It’s kind of a few more, adding a few more words to kind of clarify what it means. So whatever words you need to use to signal someone in authority in a way that’s not going to be confusing in that passage, that’s all you need to do.
Now, the capital L Lord here is because in the Septuagint, the Old Testament, the Tetragrammaton, like the name of God, you know, which is Yehovah or Yahweh, nobody, nobody knows. I guarantee you, nobody knows. I’ve looked into the primary evidence.
As soon as you get into the primary evidence, you’re like, oh, well, everybody has to at some point kind of make an educated guess about how to pronounce it. Well, in Greek, they translated it Kyrios. They were very consistent with that.
So that’s where the capital L version comes from there. Okay. May.
May means not or less. Now, of course, we saw last week, I think that, or if it’s followed by a vowel, or if it’s followed by a vowel and a rough breathing mark, that means not may also means not. And there’s two different contexts where it gets used, which we won’t really cover until second semester, really with certain kinds of verbs.
But the may version gets used when something is sort of a projection. So if you say, you know, if I had not done whatever, then you would not have done this. Now, if you say not in that scenario, you would use may.
But if you just say, I’m not going to the store, or the sun is not shining, or it is not warm in Florida right now, then you would say, ooh. So that’s when it’s like sort of a statement. And if it’s a projection, like a so anyways, don’t worry about it too much for now, because we’ll get to it way later.
For now, just remember, there’s two words for not. Uranus means heaven or sky. You can remember this because when the planet Uranus was named after the Greek God, the sky, Uranus.
So and what is really, this is another, this is to me, this is even harder than the curious one. Does it mean heaven or sky? Well, the answer is yes. You know, so when Jesus says, you know, remember, in Matthew, Jesus consistently says the kingdom of heaven, he doesn’t say the kingdom of God.
Well, really, what he’s saying is the kingdom of the sky. So it doesn’t mean the kingdom of the sky or the kingdom of heaven. Well, I mean, that’s, it’s kind of a, it’s like you’re asking something that the language itself cannot answer for you.
And it’s something, it’s a distinction we make firmly in English. And it’s not a distinction they make firmly in Greek. So it’s like the upper realms, you know, you get this a lot with hell as well, actually, it’s different terms for hell.
You know, we’ll get translated, maybe consistently as hell in English. But then in Greek, you’re like, oh, Hades, oh, Hades, what’s Hades? And that can get quite, quite fascinating. And actually, even in the Apostles Creed, it says, you know, he descended into hell.
Well, actually, it says he descended into the lowers, you know, maybe lower regions or lower places or whatever. It’s quite interesting. So anyways, yeah, Peter.
Yeah, I mean, that’s, that’s one that I’ve tried to wrap my mind around in the past. Because so when it’s because we tend to think of heaven, and we think of in the presence of God, heaven. But it’s really not that specific thing.
Or it could be, because I think today, you know, you know, it’s like in the references when it’s talking about in heaven, it could be saying in the sky. Yeah, I think the main thing is, it’s not, it’s not that the Greeks thought, well, in some ways, they thought, well, just up there, that’s where the gods are, right? I mean, and that’s why, again, they look up and they see, you know, a wandering star that and they say, ah, that’s one of the gods up there. And that’s the planets, you know, that they named after, or they named, well, named after the gods, I suppose.
It’s hard to say what the order is there. But yeah, it is, it’s a, it’s, you kind of, at some point have to make the transition from language into theology. And the key thing is that the language doesn’t always give you the answers, it sometimes creates the questions for theology.
So that’s an important point to remember, if you’re trying to think that, or if you imagine that learning Greek is going to sort of answer all your questions, like, actually, it’s probably going to generate a whole lot of questions. Yeah, Nicholas. Yeah, I was gonna ask if that if this is like, because you mentioned that if there’s no choice, there’s, like, there’s not really meaning, I guess, if you will, like, like deeper meaning behind it, or, you know, like, sometimes we do that.
And I’ve seen that happen before. I’ve probably done it with Greek before, because I’ve said something like, Oh, girls mean this, but it actually wasn’t a choice. And so I, because I have to preach this often.
And so I think one of the things that I run into, like heaven and sky that I found helpful, at least with with in parallel with Greek that I found enjoyable, is understanding the the why behind certain words, and even the choices, but you have to understand like cultural context. So like, like, I understand for sure, talking about the heavens and the sky, weren’t necessarily even two foreign concepts to something like two separate concepts to the Greek mind, or to even to the, to the early Jewish mind, they would have looked at that as like, that is, that is the place of God’s dwelling, that is the place of his presence, versus us to think of it more like, you know, the physical atmosphere, and then the stars, and then, you know, and so I, I think stuff like this, like, even if I even if a reader would, or a listener would have heard sky, it still would have registered as this is the place of the gods. But if you’re in, if you’re in the Jewish context, this is the place of our God is that he dwells there with his feet rested on the earth.
And so I think, just even that, but this is my question would be, is this an example of where there would be actual meaning? Because there’s a choice? Or is this or am I or is that? Yeah, I’m thinking too far. What’s interesting is, there are certain cases where it clearly is just intending to talk about the sky. And yes, okay, there’s a tree planted, and all the birds of the right rhinos came to rest in its branches.
Well, is it talking about the birds from heaven? Well, only indirectly, right? It’s just talking about, you know, all the birds, all the birds of the the location. Yeah, exactly. Got it.
And the thing here is, you know, if you’re going to talk about, you know, the regions up there, you don’t really have many options. So you could talk about, you know, what? I mean, Paul talks about the third heaven, one facet. Yeah.
And that’s where it gets kind of interesting to be like, what is he trying? Like, why would he say something like that? And you could say, well, because there’s strictly three tiers to our, you know, whatever, to heaven. Or you could say, well, what he’s trying to do is clarify that he didn’t just go up in the sky really high. And he could like, look down and see all of us.
But he was like, you know, vision in a vision, you know, transported somewhere different. Perhaps that’s what he means. Well, what you’re saying is that, like, essentially, like the language doesn’t necessarily always answer the question, but it will force me to have to ask the question.
So I have to dig a I would agree. Every time I’m reading this stuff, I’m like, I just added five more questions to my brain. And I, but it’s a fun, it’s like an adventure.
I get to dig into it, the Lord, I get to dig into it in the word. I mean, it’s, it’s actually really enjoyable. But I just, that makes sense to me.
I just, I was trying to understand is this, is this an area where you would say there’s choice? So there’s meaning? Or is it more like, these are two pretty specific choices. So it’s, it’s not necessarily meaning. It’s, it’s either the physical sky or heaven, like, that’s a very good point.
So like, maybe like when Paul is making up a word, like the heavenly realms, in Ephesians, is he trying to specify something different? He’s probably not talking about, you know, we have been seated up in the air, in the blue sky. But he literally puts words together to create this whole other idea in Ephesians, right? Am I wrong? Because that is not a word that really didn’t, wasn’t, isn’t used anywhere else. I can, I don’t remember off the top of my head.
I know there are like, the one I always remember is God breathed. But that’s, yeah, if it is a genuine, new novel word that he’s put together, perhaps it’s kind of, you’re sort of motivated by the same pressures of, okay, I want to be clear, without being confusing. And I’ve got to do it in some way that people are going to understand when they’re reading this, you know, the first audience.
But yeah, I mean, at the end of the day, these are all like, awesome questions and interesting kind of lines of thought. And this is why, you know, much as, you know, we might come to the Bible and be like, well, surely we’ve answered like every question we could have about it by now. No, we really haven’t.
And especially there are many, many, many questions about the Bible that cannot be decisively answered. It’s just the reality. I mean, like, you know, like, oh, what does the 666 in Revelation refer to? Like, well, there’s pretty, there’s like a quite a strong case for referring to Nero.
It’s a very strong case. Especially if you look at textual variants, right? There’s a 616 variant and that’s like, you know, Kaiser Neron or Kaiser Nero, whatever. But I’m like, at the end of the day, I’m just like, you know, like it, maybe not.
It’s possible that it’s not. So it’s like, yeah, it might be a strong case. You might find it really compelling, but really a lot of the stuff, the questions, this is so fundamental, I think, just for biblical interpretation is the Bible raises questions without necessarily answering them.
And I think that’s by God’s design. The other one that always, yeah, I did some research all the different explanations of Cain and Abel in ancient texts. So ancient Greek and ancient Semitic texts trying to go over the story of Cain and Abel.
And what you find is all of them expand on it because what they’re doing is they’re trying to answer questions that are lingering from the account in Genesis. And the main questions are, why did God accept Abel’s sacrifice and reject Cain’s? And then why did Cain actually murder Abel? Like, yes, he murdered him, but like, what was the point of that? Or like what motivated him to do that? And the reality is the Hebrew text does not answer the questions. It sort of narrates the events in a sense, implicitly raises the question, but it doesn’t give you an answer.
And later you find like all the Greek texts wind up saying they all like, I think it was without exception, basically said Cain murdered his brother because he had flawed character. And many of most of them said Abel had good character. But the Semitic texts almost all said that Cain murdered his brother because he was actually demonic offspring.
And even if you go into the Targum texts where they kind of expand on and the Midrash as well, where they expand on the Semitic texts, they’ll say there’s this funny line in Hebrew where it says, then Adam knew his wife Eve and she gave birth to a son. And she said, look, I have received a man, the Lord. And, or, you know, translations would say with the help of the Lord or, you know, through the Lord.
But it really is just kind of like a man, the Lord, or potentially with the Lord, depending on how you read the word there. And it’s, it’s, it’s like odd syntax. It’s like kind of confusing, like, huh, it’s weird.
But then sure enough, in the Midrash and stuff, it’s like, then, and they insert words into the text, right? So it’d be like, then Samael came riding on a serpent and knew Eve, and she gave birth to a son named him Cain. And then Adam knew his wife, and then she had a normal son. And that’s Abel.
And it’s quite fascinating. But the point, the point I took from that is text will raise questions without answering them. And I think even in Genesis, like, you don’t have to answer it by looking at Cain and Abel.
You can look later in the text and be like, okay, why would God accept Abel’s sacrifice? You’re like, well, by the time you get to Genesis 12, and 15, and 17, you’re like, oh, you know what, I think it’s faith that God actually cares about. So maybe that’s why Abel offered a better sacrifice. And that is indeed what Hebrews says is, by faith, Abel offered a better sacrifice.
But then, of course, you see in John, 1 John, he says, why did Cain murder his brother? Because he was of the evil one, which is that Semitic tradition of explaining his birth as being demonic. So quite interesting. It’s really fascinating.
But I mean, the main thing I took away was like, you know, I don’t think there’s an objective answer here. I think there are different ways of trying to come to an understanding of it. But anybody who comes to you and says, Abel had blood and sacrifice, that’s the answer.
It’s like, you know what, maybe, maybe it’s a question that lingers and will continue to linger, because the text, the biblical text itself doesn’t actually decisively answer it. So yeah, anyways, interesting. Tangent there, hopefully not too, too much of a tangent for you guys.
But yeah, I mean, this is why I like learning Greek and Hebrew, because then it allows you to actually nail down where exactly is the ambiguity, without actually saying, oh, I have to rely on the fact that this commentator says, these are the main questions to address, right? No, I can look at it. And you’re like, but what about this? You know, like, this isn’t answered here. Like, I don’t understand it.
And I’ve got to think about it. So. All right.
Okay, we got another, this is another nominal here. This is hutos, haute, or tuta. Now, what you notice is masculine form, feminine form, and neuter form.
And notice the end here, not so much the ending of hutos, but haute, a was like the feminine article, and ta is like the neuter article. So there’s this shared pattern across all nominals, masculine, feminine, neuter. Those are our declensions, our genders.
And in singular, they all mean this. In the plural, they mean these. We’ll have an entire lesson devoted to these.
So don’t worry about it too much. Just remember this, these, these in the plural. Okay, su means you.
Su means you. And I hope nobody will sue you. That’s, you know, because that’s no fun.
And technically, someone could sue you for any reason at any time. You don’t even have to do anything for somebody to accuse you of something. So what an interesting system we have.
Okay, huyas, huyas. This is a little bit tricky to pronounce, but you would say huyas. So you notice the two kind of syllables here, huyas, huyas.
There’s a rough breathing mark. So there’s the H kind of sound there. Huyas, like huyas.
Better make that, make sure it looks like an O. Huyas. So that means son or descendant. And then hosta, hosta.
Oh, by the way, descendant here because, you know, Jesus is the son of David, the son of Abraham. Well, that doesn’t mean he’s the direct nuclear family child of David. He is the descendant, the male descendant, the son.
So, I mean, you could keep adding things, right? You could be like, heir, technically, because often the son, that’s the whole point of saying that in some passages.