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Instructions Tax Research Assignment The five steps in tax research are: understand the facts identify issues locate relevant authorities analyze the tax authorities communicate research results. The two types of tax services that tax professionals use in tax research are annotated tax services, arranged by code section, and topical services, arranged by topic. Research questions often consist of questions of fact or questions of law. The answer to a question of fact hinges upon the facts and circumstances of the taxpayer’s transaction. The answer to a question of law hinges upon the interpretation of the law, such as interpreting a particular phrase in a code section. When the researcher identifies that different authorities have conflicting views, she should evaluate the hierarchy, jurisdiction, and age of the authorities. Once the tax researcher has identified relevant authorities, she must make sure that the authorities are still valid and up to date. The most common end product of a research question is a research memo, which has five basic parts: (1) facts, (2) issues, (3) authority list, (4) conclusion, and (5) analysis. Sample Research Memo Facts: Discuss facts relevant to the question presentedthat is, facts that provide necessary background of the transaction (generally, who, what, when, where, and how much) and those facts that may influence the research answer. Keeping the fact discussion relatively brief will focus the reader’s attention on the relevant characteristics of the transaction. Issues: State the specific issues that the memo addresses. This section confirms that you understand the research question, reminds the reader of the question being analyzed, and allows future researchers to determine whether the analysis in the memo is relevant. Issues should be written as specifically as possible and be limited to one or two sentences per issue. Authorities: In this section, the researcher cites the relevant tax authorities that apply to the issue, such as the IRC, court cases, and revenue rulings. How many authorities should you cite? Enough to provide a clear understanding of the issue and interpretation of the law. Remember, in order to reach an accurate assessment of the strength of your conclusion, you should consider authorities that may support your desired conclusion, as well as those that may go against it. Conclusion: There should be one conclusion per issue. Each conclusion should answer the question as briefly as possible, and preferably indicate why the answer is what it is. Analysis: The goal of the analysis is for the researcher to provide the reader a clear understanding of the area of law and specific authorities that apply. Typically, an analysis will be organized to discuss the general area(s) of law first (the code section) and then the specific authorities (court cases, revenue rulings) that apply to the research question. How many authorities should you discuss? As many as necessary to provide the reader an understanding of the issue and relevant authorities. After you discuss the relevant authorities, apply the authorities to your client’s transaction and explain how the authorities result in your conclusion. In addition to internal research memos, tax professionals often send their clients letters that summarize their research and recommendations. Basic components of the client letter include: (1) research question and limitations, (2) facts, (3) analysis, and (4) closing. A sample letter is attached. Scenario: Your client, I. M. Wheeler, is considering exchanging commercial property with R.E. Investments, Inc. Wheeler owns a warehouse which she has held for investment since 2015 with a fair market value of $675,000, subject to a mortgage of $350,000 and an adjusted basis of $175,000. R.E. Investments owns a rental property with a fair market value of $540,000, subject to a mortgage of $365,000. The planned transaction is for Wheeler to exchange his property for R.E. Investments’ property plus $150,000 cash. Each party will assume the mortgage on the property received. Wheeler wants to make sure that the transaction qualifies for IRC Section 1031 like-kind exchange and has asked you to provide a memo detailing the requirements that must be satisfied for like-kind exchange treatment. Your memo should also analyze any gain realized and/or recognized, the taxation, if any, and Wheelers basis in the new property. Assignment: You are to research the applicable law, using Nexis Uni [See Video Accessing Nexis Uni 2022 – Short Video in Course Resources>Learning Resources] and other online tax resources, such as, www.irs.gov. Identify the relevant statutory, regulatory, and other judicial authorities as discussed in those resources. Then, using the format for communicating research findings discussed in your Tax Research Content materials, submit a brief memorandum addressed to I.M. Wheeler setting forth your conclusions which must include (a) the quantitative calculation of gain, if any, AND (b) Wheeler’s basis in the property received in the exchange. You will be graded on preparing a proper Memorandum, clearly communicating your answers, proper use of terms, properly citation and the correctness of your answers.

INSTRUCTIONS: Exam #1 is comprised of two sections. The first is a short answer section of five questions. Each question is worth fifteen (15 points). Review each question and write a short answer in your own words to appropriately cover the question. If you further clarify the question, you can post your reference using the appropriate APA citation. The second section is an exercise regarding disclosure taken from your textbook, this section is worth seventy-five (75) points. The exam is open book, you can reference course material and e-resources used throughout the class. Submit your answers in a Word or PDF file, include a cover page with your name, the course, and the exam #. All pages must be submitted together (section 1 and 2) but distinguished appropriately; Section 2 should be started on a new page at the top. The file should be single spaced, 12pt. Arial font, with one space between questions and/or paragraphs. The EXAM file must be submitted by 11:59PM Tuesday February 3rd, 2026. SECTION 1 (Each question is worth 15 points) 1. Accounting standards have evolved over time. What has been the driving force behind the changes and how do the changes strengthen the profession of accounting. 2. What is the difference between actions, practices, institutions, and systems? 3. Define ethical egoism and contrast it to psychological egoism. 4. What is the difference between self-interest and selfishness? 5. What is virtue ethics? What question does it ask? SECTION 2 (Entire section /response is worth 75 points) To Disclose or Not to Disclose? That is the Question. You are a CPA and the controller for a small savings and loan. The organization is at a critical juncture. You and top management of the savings and loan have a meeting about the status of the organization prior to your annual audit. The main concern is the collectability of several real estate loans. The savings and loan is a small player in a group of savings and loans that participated in several large development properties. While the savings and loans investment is small compared to the overall total invested in these projects, the amount invested is material to your firms balance sheet. With the recent downturn in the housing market, the futures of the development properties are in jeopardy. The president of the savings and loan just participated in a phone conference with the other investors and tells you that a group of the largest investors are negotiating with the developers on a writedown on the loans. The potential writedown of these assets would have a devastating impact on the solvency of your savings and loan. Management points out that at this time there are only discussions going on and nothing has been committed to paper, but it is a real fear that the process will progress, and a writedown is likely within the next six months. The auditors are scheduled to begin their audit next week. If you disclose this information to the auditors, you fear that it will lead to a “Going Concern” opinion, which in most probability would be the beginning of the end for the institution. Not disclosing the potential writedown would give you a chance to locate a position elsewhere prior to the failing of the savings and loan. 1. What do you do? 2. What ethical issues are involved in the case? 3. What gives rise to the ethical dilemma? ________________________________________ Duska, R. F., Duska, B. S., & Kury, K. W. (2018). Accounting Ethics. &chunkid=398391907