HOMEWORK QUESTIONS FOR 3 CHAPTERS ALL NEED TO BE HANDWRITTEN

Chapter 6 questions:

Define in your own words the following terms:

ecologic study

ecologic fallacy

cross-sectional study

case-control study

2. Compare ecologic, cross-sectional, and case-control studies with respect to their strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages.

3. The following question lists examples of observational studies. Indicate the type of study design that is being described.

A. A study examined the effect of hormone replacement therapy on cancer; cancer cases were identified by using a cancer registry in northern California. Controls were selected from a random sample of Bay Area cities.B.

B. Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Survey were used in a secondary data analysis to examine the effect of income inequality and race on preventive health practices.

C. The level of unemployment was used as a measure of economic distress in Germany. Researchers examined the association between distress and general anxiety syndrome across states (e.g., Saxony) in Germany.

7-9 AS SHOWN IN SCREEN SHOT FOR CHAPTER 6

12. Why would you exclude as controls in a case-control study of gynecologic cancer women who cannot develop the disease?

CHAPTER 7.

Define in your own words the following terms:

Cohort

Cohort effect

Comparison groups in cohort studies

Prospective cohort study

Retrospective cohort study

Ambispective cohort study

3. Explain what is meant by the term relative risk and explain how it is used in cohort studies.

5. A cohort study was conducted to study the association between coffee drinking and anxiety in a population-based sample of adults. Among 10,000 coffee drinkers, 500 developed anxiety. Among the 20,000 noncoffee drinkers, 200 cases of anxiety were observed. What is the relative risk of anxiety associated with coffee use?

11. Summarize the strengths and weaknesses, and advantages and disadvantages of the various types of observational study designs: ecologic, cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort.

CHAPTER 8

1.Define the following terms:

Experimental study

Quasi-experimental study

Intervention study

Controlled clinical trial

3.Explain the purposes of blinding and randomization in clinical trials.

4.Describe the phases of a clinical trial to license a vaccine or new medicine.

8.Epidemiologic studies of the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease may be observational or experimental. The essential difference between experimental and observational studies is that in experimental studies: (Choose one answer.)

The study and control groups are equal in size.

The study is prospective.

The study and control groups are always comparable with respect to all factors other than the exposure.

The investigator determines who shall be exposed to the suspected factor and who shall not.

Controls are used.

9. From the descriptions provided, identify the type of study design:

Smoking histories are obtained from all patients entering a hospital who have lip cancer and are compared with smoking histories of patients with cold sores who enter the same hospital.

The entire population of a given community is examined, and all who are judged free of bowel cancer are questioned extensively about their diet. These people are then followed for several years to see whether their eating habits will predict their risk of developing bowel cancer.

To test the efficacy of vitamin C in preventing colds, army recruits are randomly assigned to two groups: one given 500 mg of vitamin C daily, and one given a placebo. Both groups are followed to determine the number and severity of subsequent colds.

The physical examination records of the incoming first-year class of 1935 at the University of Minnesota are examined in 1980 to see whether the freshmens recorded height and weight at the time of admission to the university were related to their chance of developing coronary heart disease by 1981.

A total of 1,500 adult men who worked for Lockheed Aircraft were initially examined in 1951 and were classified by diagnostic criteria for coronary artery disease. Every three years, they have been reexamined for new cases of the disease; attack rates in different subgroups have been computed annually.

A random sample of middle-aged sedentary women was selected from four census tracts, and each subject was examined for evidence of osteoporosis. Those found to have the disease were excluded. All others were randomly assigned to either an exercise group, which followed a two-year program of systematic exercise, or a control group, which had no exercise program. Both groups were observed semiannually for incidence of osteoporosis.

Questionnaires were mailed to every 10th person listed in the city telephone directory. Each person was asked to provide his or her age, sex, and smoking habits and to describe the presence of any respiratory symptoms during the preceding 7 days.

please make sure all of these are hand written answers please even if it is on an ipad but cant be typed at all thanksksksks

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