456 – 4 labs .

Please complete the Electronics Instrumentation Laboratory Manual (ELEC 10008.1) accurately and professionally. The work includes four laboratory experiments. For each experiment, provide all theoretical calculations, complete all observation tables, calculate measured and theoretical values, determine percent differences, answer the post-lab questions, and write clear conclusions and reflections.

1. Experiment 1: Wheatstone Bridge

– Build the Wheatstone bridge circuit using:

– R1 = 2

– R2 = 14

– R4 = 100 potentiometer

– Unknown resistance Rx

– Adjust R4 until the voltmeter reads zero (balanced condition).

– Calculate the unknown resistance using:

Rx = (R1 R4) / R2

– Complete the observation table with measured values, computed values, and percent difference.

– Answer the post-lab question about doubling the supply voltage and whether it affects the calculated resistance.

– Write a conclusion and reflection.

2. Experiment 2: DC Ammeter and Voltmeter

Part 1: Ammeter

– Convert the 500 A galvanometer into a 05 mA ammeter using the shunt resistor shown in the manual.

– Use a 1 k load resistor.

– Record ammeter readings for supply voltages of 1 V, 2 V, 3 V, 4 V, and 5 V.

– Calculate the theoretical current using Ohms law:

I = V / R

– Compute percent difference.

Part 2: Voltmeter

– Convert the galvanometer into a 05 V voltmeter using the 9 k series resistor.

– Use the same 1 k load resistor.

– Record voltmeter readings for supply voltages of 1 V to 5 V.

– Calculate theoretical voltages and percent difference.

– Answer the post-lab question by recalculating readings when the load resistance is changed to 2 k.

– Write a conclusion and reflection.

3. Experiment 3: 4-Bit Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) Using Weighted Resistors

– Build the DAC using an LM741 operational amplifier.

– Use:

– R1 = 1 k

– R2 = 2 k

– R3 = 4 k

– R4 = 8 k

– Rf = 1 k

– Use 12 V supply to the op-amp.

– Test all 16 binary input combinations from 0000 to 1111.

– Calculate theoretical output voltage using:

Vo = -Vref Rf (B1/R1 + B2/R2 + B3/R3 + B4/R4)

– Record measured output voltage and compute percent difference.

– Compare measured and theoretical values in a graph or discussion.

– Answer the post-lab question by analyzing the DAC when resistor values are changed to 100 k, 50 k, 25 k, and 12.5 k.

– Write a conclusion and reflection.

4. Experiment 4: Function Generator and Oscilloscope

– Configure the function generator and oscilloscope according to the manual.

– Use sine wave settings:

– 2 Vrms at 500 Hz

– 4 Vrms at 2 kHz

– 6 Vrms at 10 kHz

– Measure peak-to-peak voltage and calculate:

Vp-p = 2 Vrms 2

– Measure period and determine frequency from oscilloscope readings.

– Complete all observation tables.

– Calculate percent differences between function generator settings and oscilloscope readings.

– Draw the observed sine and triangle waveforms.

– Answer the post-lab question by measuring 1 kHz sinusoidal and square waves with 0.5 V amplitude.

– Write a conclusion and reflection.

General Requirements

– Fill in every table completely.

– Show all calculations clearly.

– Use realistic measured values that closely match theoretical values.

– Ensure percent differences are small and correctly calculated.

– Include neat and professional formatting.

– Use Arabic student names where needed:

– Ahmed Al-Harthi

– Fatima Al-Balushi

– Khalid Al-Rawahi

– Submit the final report in a well-organized Word or PDF document.

– Ensure the work is complete, accurate, and ready for direct submission with no missing sections.

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