Como que fao uma equa?o de raiz, utilizando porcentagem ??

5 page paper on a piece of literature about policing in criminal justice

will provide rubric and guidelines below

5 Criminology questions and 1 bonus extra credit.

please do this extra credit assignment and title is “extra credit” attached is the data you need You will work with an Excel dataset containing responses from a public opinion survey on policing.

includes survey responses from 500 participants, items that capture peoples perceptions, and demographics. By the end of this assignment, you should be able to create meaningful charts that illustrate patterns in perceptions of policing and reflect on their implications.

Two composite score variables were also created in the dataset:

1. Procedural_Justice_Score

This variable is the average of four Likert-scale survey items that capture peoples perceptions of procedural justice in their encounters with police:

• PJ_FairTreatment The police treat people fairly.
• PJ_Respect The police treat people with respect.
• PJ_Voice The police give people a chance to express their views.
• PJ_DecisionQuality The police make decisions based on facts and not personal bias.

2. Legitimacy_Score

This variable is the average of four Likert-scale items that measure police legitimacy how justified and acceptable citizens find police authority:

• PL_Trust I trust the police to do what is right.
• PL_ObligationObey People should obey the police, even if they disagree with them.
• PL_ValueAlignment The police share my values.
• PL_Confidence I have confidence in the police.

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Guidelines

Create a bar chart showing the average Procedural Justice Score by Ethnicity.

• Interpretation: Which racial/ethnic groups report higher or lower perceptions of procedural justice

Create a bar chart showing the average Legitimacy_Score across education levels (High School, Some College, Bachelors, Postgraduate).

• Interpretation: Do education levels influence police legitimacy?

Create a bar chart showing average procedural justice scores by age group.

• Interpretation: How does age shape perception of procedural justice?

Summarize what your visualizations reveal about perceptions of police.

Submit your Excel file with the completed charts, proper labeling, and interpretation in a text box (about 300 words).

Suggested steps in Excel

1. Open the file
   Open the Excel sheet police_legitimacy_procedural_justice.xlsx.
2. Insert a PivotTable
   • Highlight all the data (or just click inside the table).
   • Go to Insert > PivotTable.
   • Place the PivotTable in a new worksheet.
3. Set up the PivotTable
   • Drag Age_Group into the Rows area.
   • Drag Procedural_Justice_Score into the Values area.
   • By default, Excel may show Count. Change it:
     • Click the drop-down > Value Field Settings > select Average.
4. Insert the Chart
   • With the PivotTable still selected, go to Insert > Column or Bar Chart.
   • Choose a Clustered Bar or Clustered Column chart.
5. Format the Chart
   • Add a title: Average Procedural Justice Score by Age Group.
   • Label axes (e.g., X = Score, Y = Age Groups).
   • Ensure the scale makes sense (Likert averages range from 1 to 5).

THE INSTRUCTIONS ARE UPLOADED. PLEASE DON’T USE CHAT GPT OR ANY AL .

i WILL UPLOAD TWO THEORIES I DID FOR AN ASSIGNMENT FOR CLASS U CAN USE THOSE TWO

Please reword the red text so it’s not AI-generated, of course, based on the data given. Please rename the file Dataset & Descriptive Statistics so I could just download and turn it in directly.

Research Paper Assignment

Instructions: Write a paper 6-10 pages in length excluding your cover page and works cited section. You can use any citation style you are comfortable with (APA, MLA, Chicago/Turbian), but you must use the same one consistently throughout the paper. The paper should be double spaced with 12 point font.

Assignment:

Part 1 (4-5 pages):

Compare and contrast 2 events in an any period in US history that threatened the Homeland Security, one that occurred before 9/11 and one that occurred after 9/11. A great timeline for you to choose from is here Links to an external site.

some examples of before 9/11 include:

• Oklahoma City bombing, etc,
• World Trade Center bombings in 1993
• Pearl Harbor Attack
• you have an idea and want to run it by me feel free to send me an email to discuss at ptahan@gmu.edu

For each threat that you cover clearly identify the following:

• Threat/issue/crisis/attack
• What was the Law Enforcement/Military/Intelligence response?
• Assess whether the US response changed pre and post 9/11.
• Assess whether you think anything could have been done better? How?

Part 2 (2-3 pages): Choose a Generative AI tool of your choice and have the tool compare and contrast the US response to the attacks/threats you chose:

Clearly identify the tool you used

Provide the output from the tool

Assess the output from the tool. Did they accurately capture what happened and how the US responded? Would you trust the output if you were making a decision that could impact Homeland Security?

In this assignment, you will write a persuasive letter to an elected official or policymaker advocating for a specific criminal justice policy change you believe is necessary, urgent, and just.

This is not a generic opinion letter. You are writing as an informed constituent who understands how identity, power, and inequality shape crime and justice outcomes.

Step 1: Choose a Policymaker

Select one real policymaker whose role is relevant to your issue, such as:

• A city council member
• County prosecutor
• State legislator
• Governor
• Member of Congress

You must explain why this person has authority over the policy you are addressing.

Step 2: Identify a Policy Issue

Choose one specific policy or practice, such as (but not limited to):

• Cash bail reform
• Juvenile sentencing laws
• Police use-of-force standards
• Immigration enforcement & detention practices
• Trauma-informed correctional programming
• Probation and parole conditions
• Victim services access for marginalized groups

Your issue must involve unequal impact across identity groups.

Step 3: Write the Letter

Your letter should be 1.52 pages, professional in tone, and include the following elements:

1. Opening Context
   • Introduce yourself as a constituent and student
   • State the issue clearly and why it matters now
2. Problem Explanation
   • Describe the policy and how it currently operates
   • Explain who is most affected and why
   • Explicitly address race, class, gender, age, or other relevant identity factors
3. Evidence-Based Argument
   • Reference course concepts, research, or documented disparities
   • Include statistics, but not too many; focus on meaning and consequences
4. Proposed Change
   • Clearly describe what you want changed
   • Explain how this change would reduce harm or increase fairness
5. Anticipating Pushback
   • Address at least one likely counterargument
   • Explain why reform is still necessary
6. Closing Appeal
   • Make a clear, respectful call to action

Formatting

• Letters should follow standard professional letter formatting
• You are not required to send the letter, but you may if you choose
• Tone should be persuasive, not hostile

Initial Reflection

As we start this semester and you begin thinking about what’s next for you after you graduate from RU, write a short (no more than 1 page, double spaced) reflection about what you are thinking/feeling. Do you already know what you want to do next or are you uncertain? What advice have you heard from friends and family? What are you excited about or hopeful for? What makes you nervous? What do you hope you will gain from this seminar?

Career Reflection

Research online about jobs in your field you are interested in. After completing your research, write a short (1-2 pages double-spaced) reflection about your chosen jobs. What jobs did you choose and why? What did you learn about potentially going into that field? Did you find a job that interests you? Is there anything you are worried about related to finding a job after graduation?

Graduate/Law School Reflection

Research online about graduate school or law school. Look into different programs, and what it is like to go through graduate school or law school.

After completing your research, write a short (1-2 pages double-spaced) reflection about graduate/law school. What do these programs look like? What did you learn about the graduate/law school experience? Are there any benefits to graduate/law school related to your goals? Overall, is graduate/law school something you are interested in pursuing? If so, do you have any questions or concerns? List at least 2 things that you would take into consideration when thinking about whether to pursue education beyond a Bachelor’s?

Career Fair Reflection

After attending the Career Fair, write a reflection (1-2 pages, double-spaced) about the experience. Discuss at least 2 things you learned about that particular job/career. Did you make any connections that could benefit you in the job search? Are you excited to enter this line of work in the field?

Mock Interview

After the interview, write up a brief (1-2 pages double-spaced) reflection about the experience. How did it go? What feedback did you get?

Job Ad Dissection

Read through the job ad (you will probably have to do this multiple times) and dissect it. Include the following information and answer the following questions:

1. URL of the job posting
2. What is the title of the position?
3. What is the name of the organization or business?
4. What are the requirements for the job? What are the required skills, education, experience, credentials, etc? For each one, describe how you meet this requirement. These would be elements you would include in a cover letter and would want to make sure were clear on your resume.
5. Identify at least 2 key phrases from the job ad that you think are important to the person doing the hiring. For each one, describe how you achieve or meet these criteria.
6. What paperwork is needed to apply for this job? What would you need to submit?
7. What is the deadline to apply? Some job ads will list this directly, others won’t and you will need to read between the lines to determine how quickly you should get material submitted. Consider when the job ad was posted and any information in the job ad that gives hint about how quickly they are looking to hire.

You will dissect both of your selected job ads this way.

Application Packet

Select 1 of the jobs from above and prepare the entire application packet. You should select the job that is the best fit for you, not the one with the least application requirements. Complete all required materials and submit it as one document on Canvas. You do not have to actually apply for the job.

Final Reflection

After completing all of your assignments for the course, I want you to reflect on your experience this semester. You will write a short (1-2 pages double-spaced) reflection about the class and what you have learned about yourself, career opportunities, and the application process. What did you particularly enjoy about the class? What do you think could be better? How prepared do you feel for the job market? Also think about your time overall in the CRMJ/SOCI programs here at RU. How do you think these programs are doing in presenting material and preparing students? Are there any suggestions you have for the future of the programs? Any lasting memories or thoughts you want to share? Lastly, if you are willing, include a non-RU email address so we can stay in touch!

In this assignment, you will write a persuasive letter to an elected official or policymaker advocating for a specific criminal justice policy change you believe is necessary, urgent, and just.

This is not a generic opinion letter. You are writing as an informed constituent who understands how identity, power, and inequality shape crime and justice outcomes.

Step 1: Choose a Policymaker

Select one real policymaker whose role is relevant to your issue, such as:

A city council member

County prosecutor

State legislator

Governor

Member of Congress

You must explain why this person has authority over the policy you are addressing.

Step 2: Identify a Policy Issue

Choose one specific policy or practice, such as (but not limited to):

Cash bail reform

Juvenile sentencing laws

Police use-of-force standards

Immigration enforcement & detention practices

Trauma-informed correctional programming

Probation and parole conditions

Victim services access for marginalized groups

Your issue must involve unequal impact across identity groups.

Step 3: Write the Letter

Your letter should be 1.52 pages, professional in tone, and include the following elements:

Opening Context

Introduce yourself as a constituent and student

State the issue clearly and why it matters now

Problem Explanation

Describe the policy and how it currently operates

Explain who is most affected and why

Explicitly address race, class, gender, age, or other relevant identity factors

Evidence-Based Argument

Reference course concepts, research, or documented disparities

Include statistics, but not too many; focus on meaning and consequences

Proposed Change

Clearly describe what you want changed

Explain how this change would reduce harm or increase fairness

Anticipating Pushback

Address at least one likely counterargument

Explain why reform is still necessary

Closing Appeal

Make a clear, respectful call to action

Formatting

Letters should follow standard professional letter formatting

You are not required to send the letter, but you may if you choose

Tone should be persuasive, not hostile