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1. Prehistoric Britain (Before 43 AD)

Key details:

First humans arrived over 800,000 years ago.

Celts were the dominant tribes before Roman invasion.

Society was tribal, not united as one country.

Druids were religious leaders (priests, judges, teachers).

Built stone monuments like Stonehenge.

2. Roman Britain (43410 AD)

Romans invaded in 43 AD under Emperor Claudius.

Britain became part of the Roman Empire.

Built roads, forts, towns, and baths.

Important city: Londinium (London).

Introduced writing, taxes, and organised government.

Hadrians Wall built to defend against northern tribes.

Romans left in 410 AD due to attacks elsewhere in empire.

3. Anglo-Saxons & Vikings (4101066)

Key details:

Anglo-Saxons formed kingdoms like Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria.

Old English language developed during this time.

Christianity spread (St. Augustine mission in 597 AD).

Vikings raided from 8th century onwards.

Danelaw region formed where Vikings ruled.

Constant wars between Saxons and Vikings.

4. Norman Conquest (1066)

William the Conqueror invaded from Normandy.

Won Battle of Hastings against King Harold Godwinson.

Introduced feudal system (king nobles knights peasants).

Built many stone castles for control.

French influenced English language heavily.

5. Magna Carta (1215)

King John forced to sign Magna Carta.

Limited kings absolute power.

Protected rights of nobles and later common people.

Became foundation of constitutional law and democracy.

First step toward rule of law in England.

6. Middle Ages (12001500)

Key details:

Feudal system controlled society and land ownership.

Hundred Years War fought with France (13371453).

Black Death (1348) killed nearly 1/3 of population.

Peasants demanded better rights (Peasants Revolt 1381).

Church controlled education and beliefs.

Knights, castles, and tournaments were important.

7. Tudor Era (14851603)

Tudor dynasty began with Henry VII.

Henry VIII broke from Catholic Church Church of England created.

Dissolution of monasteries increased royal wealth.

Elizabeth I defeated Spanish Armada (1588).

England became stronger naval power.

Age of exploration began.

8. British Empire Expansion (16001900s)

Key details:

Britain built colonies across Asia, Africa, Americas.

Became largest empire in world history.

Trade in spices, cotton, sugar, tea.

East India Company controlled India before British Crown rule.

Industrial wealth supported empire growth.

Also involved in exploitation and slavery (later abolished in 1833).

9. Industrial Revolution (1700s1800s)

Began in Britain due to coal, iron, and inventions.

Machines replaced hand labour in factories.

Steam engine improved transport (trains, ships).

Rapid urbanisation (cities grew quickly).

Poor working conditions in early factories.

Britain became worlds workshop.

10. World Wars (19141945)

World War I: trench warfare, huge casualties.

Britain fought Germany and allies.

World War II: fought Nazi Germany under Hitler.

Key events: Battle of Britain, Blitz bombing of cities.

Women entered workforce in large numbers.

After 1945, Britain was economically weakened.

11. Modern Britain (1945Present)

Key details:

British Empire dissolved; countries became independent.

Formation of modern United Kingdom.

Joined and later left the European Union (Brexit in 2020).

Multicultural society with global immigration.

Strong economy based on finance, technology, and services.

London remains global financial capital.

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